Vuto la chipululu likukulirakulira chifukwa cha zochita za anthu komanso kufulumira kwa kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lonse. Kulimbana ndi mitsinje ya chipululu sikuchedwa, chifukwa malo a chipululu ku China tsopano ali pa 2.62 miliyoni kilomita lalikulu, kapena 27.4% ya malo onse a dzikolo. Kodi munthu angapange bwanji njira yolenga komanso yothandiza yolamulira? Kulamulira mchenga wa photovoltaic kwaonekera posachedwapa ndipo kwasonyeza kuti ndi njira yothandiza yowongolera chipululu ku China komanso kuphatikiza ndi kupanga magwero atsopano amagetsi.
Poganizira za kuyesetsa kwa mayiko padziko lonse kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko choteteza chilengedwe, China ikufufuza mwamphamvu njira zatsopano zochepetsera kufalikira kwa chipululu. Kuyesetsa kwa China kuwongolera kufalikira kwa chipululu kukudalira kwambiri kuwongolera mchenga wa photovoltaic, njira yoyendetsera yomwe imagwirizanitsa chitukuko cha magwero atsopano a mphamvu ndi kupewa ndi kuyang'anira kufalikira kwa chipululu.
Kumanga magetsi opangira mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa m'zipululu, pamodzi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa, kumadziwika kuti kulamulira mchenga pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa. Njira imeneyi imakonza nthaka yamchenga, imachepetsa kuukira kwa mchenga, ndipo pang'onopang'ono imabwezeretsa zachilengedwe m'chipululu. Kuphatikiza apo, zomera zosatha chilala zimabzalidwa ndipo zotchinga za mchenga zimayikidwa.
"Ponena za 'kabotolo kawiri', makampani atsopano opanga mphamvu akukula mofulumira m'madera amchenga." Sun Guoji, mkulu wa Dipatimenti Yopewera ndi Kulamulira Desertification ya State Forestry and Grassland Bureau, adanena pamsonkhano woyamba wa Komiti Yoyang'anira Mchenga wa PV ya China Society for Sand Control and Sand Industry pa Novembala 5, 2023, kuti kuwongolera mchenga wa PV sikuti kungokonza chilengedwe komanso kumalimbikitsa kukula kwa mafakitale atsopano opanga mphamvu ndikukwaniritsa zinthu zambiri zomwe zimapindulitsa anthu, chuma, komanso zachilengedwe.
Kupita patsogolo kwa kayendetsedwe ka mchenga wa photovoltaic ku China n'kodabwitsa. China yakhala ikulimbikitsa mapulojekiti oyendetsera mchenga wa photovoltaic m'madera opululu monga Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Xinjiang, ndi madera ena kuti ipeze phindu la mphamvu zoyera komanso chilengedwe. Mwa izi, pulojekiti yoyendetsera mchenga wa PV ku Chipululu cha Kubuqi ku Inner Mongolia yakula kukhala yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ikufuna ndalama zokwana 5.5 biliyoni yuan ndikupanga mphamvu zokwana 1 biliyoni kWh pachaka, zomwe zingathe kukonza maekala 200,000 a mchenga.
Ngakhale kuti kulamulira mchenga pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya photovoltaic kwabweretsa zotsatira zodabwitsa, pali zopinga zambiri zoti zithetsedwe. "Ukadaulo wolamulira mchenga uyenera kukonzedwanso, momwe mungatsimikizire kuti mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya photovoltaic zikugwira ntchito bwino nthawi imodzi, kayendetsedwe kogwira mtima ka chipululu, kukufunikabe kafukufuku wasayansi ndi maphunziro." Yang Wenbin, katswiri wamkulu wolamulira mchenga ku China Academy of Forestry Research, anati. Kuphatikiza apo, pulojekiti yolamulira mchenga pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya photovoltaic ikukumana ndi zopinga zokhudzana ndi nthaka, madzi, ndi zinthu zina.
Akatswiri angapo anena kuti pali lonjezo lalikulu lowongolera mchenga wa photovoltaic ngakhale kuti pali zovuta. Phindu la zachuma la pulojekiti yowongolera mchenga wa photovoltaic lidzaonekera pakapita nthawi pamene ukadaulo wa photovoltaic ukupita patsogolo ndipo mfundo zatsopano za mphamvu zaku China zikupitirirabe kukonzedwanso.
"Tinapereka chiganizo cha ma kilowatts 10 a PV pa munthu aliyense m'dera la chipululu, ndi cholinga chopanga malo oyesera a PV okonzanso zachilengedwe komanso kukonzanso kumidzi komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi PV." He Jijiang, wachiwiri kwa director wa Tsinghua University Energy Transition and Social Development Research Center, adaperekedwa. Ndi kuwala kochulukirapo, madzi ochepa, ukadaulo watsopano, magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, komanso maubwino amakampani, "photovoltaic + composite utilitation" ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti dera la chipululu la chitukuko cha mafakitale la mapiko liwuluke. Derali lakhala chisankho chatsopano cha chipululu.
Monga njira yamakono yopewera kusanduka kwa chipululu, kuwongolera mchenga wa photovoltaic kumathandiza kukonza chilengedwe ndikulimbikitsa kukula kwa gawo latsopano la mphamvu. Kuyang'anira mchenga wa PV kudzakhala kofunikira kwambiri mtsogolomu pakuyesetsa kwa China kuthana ndi kusanduka kwa chipululu ndikupanga magwero atsopano a mphamvu. Kuwongolera mchenga wa PV kudzapereka chiyembekezo chachikulu pothana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndikupititsa patsogolo kukula kosamalira chilengedwe.
Kuchoka pa "kulamulira mchenga wa mafakitale" kupita ku "kulamulira mchenga wachilengedwe"
Ma solar panels okonzedwa bwino, monga "nyanja" yosalekeza ya kuwala kowala m'chipululu cha Gobi, amasiya owonera akudabwa ndi kusakanikirana kwabwino kwa nzeru za anthu ndi mphamvu ya chilengedwe. "Nyanja" iyi ikuwoneka ngati "zida" zosasweka zomwe zapangidwira dziko lapansi, kuteteza kulinganiza kwa chilengedwe m'chipululu.
Chipululu cha Gobi ndi udzu wobiriwira pansi pa ma solar panels zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zioneke mosiyana kwambiri. Poyamba nkhosa sizinkatha kuona momwe zimakhalira zikupuma komanso kudya udzu m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale, koma chifukwa cha mphamvu ya mchenga wa photovoltaic, tsopano zonse zatheka.
Madera atatu akumpoto kwa China akuphatikizapo gawo lalikulu la madera opululutsidwa mdzikolo, lomwe limagwirizana kwambiri ndi madera osauka komanso okhala ndi anthu ochepa. Malo opululutsa okwana makilomita 600,000, kapena 23.3% ya malo onse opululutsa mdzikolo, amapezeka makamaka ku Inner Mongolia. Izi zimapanga 51.5% ya dera lonse lodziyimira palokha.
Kuthirira madzi mosawononga madzi komanso malo oyeretsera magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa kuti achepetse kusonkhana kwa mphepo ndi mchenga. Pulojekiti yoyang'anira mchenga ya State Power Investment ku Beijing Dengkou I ndi II inayambitsa njira zowongolera mchenga pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira zinthu zatsopano. "Pulojekiti yoyang'anira mchenga ya Dengkou I ndi II PV imasamalira maekala 2,400 a mchenga, imasunga matani 45,000 a malasha wamba, imachepetsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide ndi matani 120,000, ndipo imapanga mphamvu yobiriwira ya 120 miliyoni kWh pachaka. Imachepetsanso nyengo yafumbi ndi 10%. Pamodzi ndi Boma la Dengkou County, tidzamanga Jinsha PV, tawuni yomwe idapangidwa kuti ichepetse umphawi, ilimbikitse kukula kwa mabizinesi am'deralo, ndikuthana ndi vuto la ntchito zoposa 500 zakomweko." Wang adayambitsa koyamba.
Pofuna kupanga njira zatsopano zopewera ndi kulamulira mchenga kudutsa nyanja ndikutulutsa zotsatira zatsopano mosalekeza, Dengkou adachita kafukufuku wofufuza njira yowongolera mchenga.
Mu 2017, NDRC Beijing inapita ku Msonkhano Wachitatu wa Zachilengedwe wa United Nations, womwe unachitikira ku Kenya motsatira malangizo a National Development and Reform Commission. Kumeneko, Komitiyi inavomereza "chitsanzo cha Dengkou chowongolera mchenga wa photovoltaic" ngati nkhani yayikulu. Mu 2022, mapulojekiti atatu ndi anayi a Dengkou owongolera mchenga wa photovoltaic adayambitsidwa pofuna kupeza chidziwitso chochulukirapo pakulamulira mchenga wa dzuwa. Pakukulitsa mphamvu zatsopano ndi kuphatikiza zachilengedwe, njira yatsopano yowongolera mchenga ndi mchenga yadziwika. Pulojekiti ya Dengkou yowongolera mchenga wa photovoltaic idzalowa gawo lake lachitatu ndi lachinayi mu 2022, kuwonjezera pa chidziwitso chake pakulamulira mchenga wa dzuwa ndikupititsa patsogolo khama lake lomanga kuphatikiza mphamvu zatsopano zachilengedwe.
Pulojekiti yowongolera mchenga wa photovoltaic m'chipululu cha Ulanbuh yakula kufika pa ma kilowatts 370,000, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chitsanzo chachikulu kwambiri, chogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, komanso chodziwika bwino cha pulojekiti yatsopano yogwirizanitsa mphamvu zachilengedwe m'derali. Yathandizanso kusintha kuchoka pa "mchenga kulowa ndi anthu kutuluka" kupita ku "anthu kulowa ndi kutuluka."
Sikuti "nyanja yabuluu" iyi yomwe ili m'chipululu cha Gobi imangopereka magetsi oyera, komanso imalimbikitsa chiyembekezo chosatha. State Power Investment Corporation (SIPC) chitsanzo chowongolera mchenga chokhazikika "kasamalidwe ka zachilengedwe za chipululu + makampani opanga mphamvu zobiriwira zachilengedwe" apitiliza kulimbikitsa kuphatikiza kwa kuwongolera chipululu ndi makampani atsopano amagetsi ndi chitukuko chapamwamba, komanso kusintha kuchoka pa "kulamulira mchenga wa mafakitale" kupita ku "kulamulira mchenga wachilengedwe." "Kulamulira mchenga wachilengedwe" kwalowa m'malo mwa "kulamulira mchenga wa mafakitale."
"Tidzayendetsa kusintha ndi kukweza mafakitale m'madera opanda chipululu, kumanga unyolo wokhazikika wa mafakitale, ndikuyesetsa kupanga chozizwitsa chatsopano cha ulamuliro wa mchenga ku China mu nthawi yatsopano." Anthu ndi chilengedwe amakhala pamodzi mogwirizana, ndipo mungapange tsogolo labwino.
