Inkinga yokuguguleka kwezwe iya ngokuya iba yimbi ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu kanye nokusheshisa kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele. Ukulwa nemifula yokuguguleka kwezwe akulibali, njengoba indawo yaseShayina egugulekile manje imi kumakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingu-2.62, noma u-27.4% wendawo yonke yesizwe. Umuntu angayithola kanjani indlela yokudala nephumelelayo yokubusa? Ukulawulwa kwesihlabathi se-photovoltaic kuvele muva nje futhi kuboniswe ukuthi kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokulawula ukuguguleka kwezwe eShayina kanye nokuhlanganiswa nokuthuthukiswa kwemithombo yamandla emisha.
Ngenxa yemizamo yokuhwebelana komhlaba wonke yokulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuqhubekisela phambili intuthuko enobungani nemvelo, iShayina iphenya ngamandla izindlela ezintsha zokunqanda ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Imizamo yeShayina yokulawula ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu incike kakhulu ekulawulweni kwesihlabathi se-photovoltaic, imodeli yokubusa ehlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwemithombo yamandla emisha nokuvimbela nokuphathwa kokuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Ukwakhiwa kwezitshalo zamandla ze-photovoltaic ezindaweni zasehlane, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla elanga, kwaziwa ngokuthi ukulawulwa kwesihlabathi se-photovoltaic. Le ndlela ilungisa inhlabathi yesihlabathi, inciphise ukuhlasela kwesihlabathi, futhi ivuselela kancane kancane imvelo yasehlane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kutshalwa izitshalo ezimelana nesomiso futhi kufakwa izivimbelo zesihlabathi.
"Ngomongo 'wekhabhoni ephindwe kabili', imboni entsha yamandla iyachuma futhi ithuthuka ngokushesha ezindaweni ezinesihlabathi." USun Guoji, umqondisi woMnyango Wokuvimbela Nokulawula Ugwadule we-State Forestry and Grassland Bureau, uthe emhlanganweni wokuqala we-PV Sand Control Professional Committee ye-China Society for Sand Control and Sand Industry ngoNovemba 5, 2023, ukuthi ukulawulwa kwesihlabathi se-PV akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa indawo ezungezile kodwa futhi kukhuthaza ukukhula kwezimboni zamandla amasha futhi kufeza izimo eziningi ezizuzisa wonke umuntu zenzuzo yomphakathi, yezomnotho, kanye neyemvelo.
Intuthuko yokulawulwa kwesihlabathi se-photovoltaic eShayina iphawuleka kakhulu. IShayina ibilokhu ikhuthaza amaphrojekthi okuphathwa kwesihlabathi se-photovoltaic ezindaweni eziphenduka ugwadule njenge-Inner Mongolia, i-Ningxia, i-Xinjiang, nezinye izifunda ukuze ithole izinzuzo zamandla ahlanzekile kanye nemvelo. Kulezi, iphrojekthi yokulawulwa kwesihlabathi se-PV e-Inner Mongolia's Kubuqi Desert ikhule yaba enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, idinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphelele okungu-5.5 billion yuan futhi ikhiqiza amandla alinganiselwa ku-1 billion kWh ngonyaka, kanye nekhono lokulungisa amahektha angu-200,000 esihlabathi.
Ngisho noma ukulawulwa kwesihlabathi se-photovoltaic kuveze imiphumela emangalisayo, kusenezithiyo eziningi okufanele zinqotshwe. "Ubuchwepheshe bokulawula isihlabathi budinga ukuthuthukiswa kakhulu, indlela yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic ngasikhathi sinye, ukuphathwa okuphumelelayo kogwadule, kusadinga ucwaningo lwesayensi kanye nocwaningo." UYang Wenbin, uchwepheshe ophambili ekulawulweni kwesihlabathi e-China Academy of Forestry Research, uthe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphrojekthi yokulawulwa kwesihlabathi se-photovoltaic ihlangabezana nezithiyo ezihlobene nomhlaba, izinsiza zamanzi, nezinye izinsiza.
Ochwepheshe abaningana bathi kusenesithembiso esikhulu sokulawulwa kwesihlabathi se-photovoltaic naphezu kwezinselele. Izinzuzo zezomnotho zephrojekthi yokulawulwa kwesihlabathi se-photovoltaic zizobonakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-photovoltaic buthuthuka futhi inqubomgomo entsha yamandla yaseShayina iqhubeka nokucutshungulwa.
"Siphakamise isiqubulo sama-kilowatts ayi-10 e-PV ngomuntu ngamunye endaweni ehlane, ngenhloso yokudala indawo yokuhlola ephelele ye-PV yokubuyiselwa kwemvelo kanye nokuvuselelwa kwezindawo zasemakhaya okuqhutshwa yi-PV." U-He Jijiang, iphini lomqondisi omkhulu we-Tsinghua University Energy Transition and Social Development Research Center, wethulwe. Njengoba kunokukhanya okwengeziwe, amanzi amancane, ubuchwepheshe obusha, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, kanye nezinzuzo zemboni, "ukusetshenziswa kwe-photovoltaic + composite" kungaphezu kwendawo ehlane yokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kwamaphiko ukuze indize. Le ndawo isibe ukukhetha okusha kwehlane.
Njengendlela entsha yokuvimbela ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukulawulwa kwesihlabathi se-photovoltaic kusiza ukuthuthukisa indawo yemvelo nokukhuthaza ukukhula komkhakha omusha wamandla. Ukuphathwa kwesihlabathi se-PV kuzoba okubaluleke kakhulu esikhathini esizayo emizamweni yaseShayina yokulwa nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu nokukhiqiza imithombo emisha yamandla. Ukulawulwa kwesihlabathi se-PV kuzobonisa isithembiso esikhulu ekubhekaneni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokuthuthukisa ukukhula okunobungani nemvelo.
Ukusuka "ekulawulweni kwesihlabathi sezimboni" kuya "ekulawulweni kwesihlabathi semvelo"
Amaphaneli elanga ahlelwe kahle, njengolwandle oluqhubekayo lokukhanya okukhanyayo endaweni ebanzi yeGobi Desert, ashiya ababukeli bemangele ngokuhlanganiswa okuphelele kobuhlakani bomuntu kanye namandla emvelo. Lolu "lwandle" lubonakala luyi-"armor" engenakuphulwa eyakhelwe umhlaba kuphela, ivikela ukulingana kwemvelo yehlane.
Ihlane laseGobi kanye notshani obuluhlaza ngaphansi kwamaphaneli elanga kudala umbono ohluke kakhulu. Izimvu zazingakwazi ukucabanga indawo lapho ziphumule futhi zidla khona kule ndawo yokuhluma, kodwa ngenxa yokulawulwa kwesihlabathi se-photovoltaic, konke sekungenzeka manje.
Izifunda ezintathu ezisenyakatho yeShayina zifaka phakathi iningi lendawo ehlane yezwe, ehlobene kakhulu nezindawo ezihlwempu ngokwezomnotho kanye nezindawo ezinabantu abambalwa. Amakhilomitha-skwele angaphezu kuka-600,000 endawo ehlane, noma u-23.3% wendawo yonke ehlane yezwe, atholakala ikakhulukazi e-Inner Mongolia. Lokhu kwakha u-51.5% wendawo yonke yesifunda esizimele.
Ukunisela okonga amanzi kanye neziteshi zensimu ye-photovoltaic ukunciphisa ukuqongelela komoya nesihlabathi. Iphrojekthi yokulawula isihlabathi se-photovoltaic eBeijing Dengkou I kanye ne-II yethule imikhuba yokulawula isihlabathi se-photovoltaic ngezinhlelo eziningi zokudala. "Iphrojekthi yokulawula isihlabathi se-Dengkou I kanye ne-II PV iphatha amahektha angu-2,400 esihlabathi, isindisa amathani angu-45,000 amalahle avamile, yehlisa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ngamathani angu-120,000, futhi ikhiqiza ama-kWh ayizigidi ezingu-120 zamandla aluhlaza minyaka yonke. Iphinde inciphise isimo sezulu esinothuli ngo-10%. Sikanye noHulumeni Wesifunda saseDengkou, sizokwakha i-Jinsha PV, idolobha elakhelwe ukunciphisa ubumpofu, sikhuthaze ukukhula kwamabhizinisi esifunda, futhi sibhekane nenkinga yemisebenzi yendawo engaphezu kuka-500." UWang wenza isethulo sokuqala.
Ukuze athuthukise amasu amasha okuvimbela nokulawula isihlabathi ngaphesheya kolwandle futhi aqhubeke nokukhipha imiphumela emisha yokubonisa, uDengkou wazijwayeza ukuhlola imodeli yokulawula isihlabathi.
Ngo-2017 i-NDRC eBeijing yaya eMhlanganweni Wezemvelo Wezizwe Ezihlangene Wesithathu, owawubanjelwe eKenya ngesincomo seKhomishini Yentuthuko Nokuguqulwa Kwezwe. Lapho, iKhomishini yavuma "imodeli yokulawula isihlabathi se-photovoltaic saseDengkou" njengenkulumo eyinhloko. Ngo-2022, amaphrojekthi okulawula isihlabathi se-photovoltaic aseDengkou amathathu namane aqalwa ngomzamo wokuthola ulwazi olwengeziwe ekulawulweni kwesihlabathi selanga. Emkhakheni wokuthuthukisa amandla amasha nokuhlanganiswa kwemvelo, indlela entsha yokulawula isihlabathi nesihlabathi iye yaqashelwa. Iphrojekthi yokulawula isihlabathi se-photovoltaic saseDengkou izongena esigabeni sayo sesithathu nesesine ngo-2022, yenezela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwayo ekulawulweni kwesihlabathi selanga futhi ithuthukise imizamo yayo eqhubekayo yokwakha ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla amasha kwemvelo.
Iphrojekthi yokulawula isihlabathi se-photovoltaic ehlane lase-Ulanbuh ikhule yaba yisilinganiso sama-kilowatts angu-370,000, okwenza kube yisibonelo esikhulu kunazo zonke, esisebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi esijwayelekile sephrojekthi entsha yokuhlanganisa amandla emvelo esifundeni. Iphinde yaletha ngempumelelo ushintsho kusukela "ekungeneni kwesihlabathi kanye nabantu" kuya "ekungeneni kwabantu kanye nabantu."
Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi lolu "lwandle oluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" oGwadule lwaseGobi luhlinzeka ngogesi ohlanzekile, kodwa futhi lukhuthaza ithemba elingapheli. Imodeli yokulawula isihlabathi esizinzile ye-State Power Investment Corporation (SIPC) "ukuphathwa kwemvelo kokugwaduleka + imboni yemvelo yamandla aluhlaza" iqhubekile nokucindezela ukuhlanganiswa kokulawulwa kokugwaduleka nemboni entsha yamandla kanye nentuthuko esezingeni eliphezulu, kanye nokushintsha kusuka "ekulawulweni kwesihlabathi sezimboni" kuya "ekulawulweni kwesihlabathi sezemvelo." "Ukulawulwa kwesihlabathi sezemvelo" kuthathe indawo "yokulawulwa kwesihlabathi sezimboni."
"Sizoqhuba ukuguqulwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ezindaweni ezigwadule, sakhe uchungechunge lwezimboni oluzinzile lwezemvelo, futhi silwele ukudala isimangaliso esisha sokulawulwa kwesihlabathi saseShayina enkathini entsha." Abantu nemvelo bahlala ndawonye ngokuvumelana, futhi ungakha ikusasa eliqhakazile.
