Ingxaki yokuguquka kwelizwe libe yintlango iya isiba mandundu ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu kunye nokukhawuleziswa kotshintsho lwemozulu kwihlabathi liphela. Ukulwa nemilambo eguqukayo akulibazisi, njengoko indawo yomhlaba waseTshayina oguqulweyo ibe yintlango ngoku imi kwi-2.62 yezigidi zeekhilomitha zesikwere, okanye i-27.4% yomhlaba wonke wesizwe. Umntu angayila njani indlela yokulawula eyila nesebenzayo? Ulawulo lwesanti ye-photovoltaic luvele kutshanje kwaye lubonakalise ukuba yindlela esebenzayo yokulawula ukuguquka kwelizwe libe yintlango eTshayina kunye nokudibanisa nokuphuhlisa imithombo emitsha yamandla.
Ngenxa yemizamo yehlabathi yokulwa notshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokuphucula uphuhliso olunobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, iTshayina iphanda ngamandla iindlela ezintsha zokunciphisa ukuguquka kwemozulu. Imizamo yeTshayina yokulawula ukuguquka kwemozulu ixhomekeke ngakumbi kulawulo lwesanti ye-photovoltaic, imodeli yolawulo edibanisa uphuhliso lwemithombo emitsha yamandla kunye nokuthintela kunye nokulawula ukuguquka kwemozulu.
Ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla ze-photovoltaic kwiindawo zasentlango, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla elanga, kwaziwa njengolawulo lwesanti ye-photovoltaic. Le ndlela ilungisa umhlaba onesihlabathi, inciphisa ukuhlaselwa kwesanti, kwaye ibuyisela kancinci kancinci i-ecology yasentlango. Ukongeza, izityalo ezimelana nembalela ziyatyalwa kwaye kufakwa imiqobo yesanti.
"Kwimeko 'yekhabhoni ephindwe kabini', ishishini elitsha lamandla liyachuma kwaye likhula ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo ezinesanti." USun Guoji, umlawuli weSebe loThintelo nokuLawula iNkangala le-State Forestry and Grassland Bureau, uthe kwintlanganiso yokuqala yeKomiti yoBugcisa boLawulo lweSanti yePV ye-China Society for Sand Control and Sand Industry ngoNovemba 5, 2023, ukuba ulawulo lwesanti yePV aluphuculi nje kuphela imeko-bume yendalo kodwa lukwakhuthaza ukukhula kwamashishini amatsha amandla kwaye lufezekisa iimeko ezininzi ezinceda bonke abantu, ezoqoqosho, kunye nemeko-bume.
Inkqubela phambili yolawulo lwesanti ye-photovoltaic eTshayina ibalulekile. ITshayina ibikhuthaza iiprojekthi zolawulo lwesanti ye-photovoltaic kwiindawo ezihlala zintlango ezifana ne-Inner Mongolia, i-Ningxia, i-Xinjiang, kunye nezinye iindawo ukuze ifumane iingenelo zamandla acocekileyo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Kwezi, iprojekthi yokulawula isanti ye-PV kwiNtlango yaseKubuqi e-Inner Mongolia ikhule yaba yeyona inkulu ehlabathini, ifuna utyalo-mali olupheleleyo lwe-5.5 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan kwaye ivelisa umbane oqikelelwa kwi-1 yeebhiliyoni zee-kWh ngonyaka, kunye nokukwazi ukulungisa iihektare ezingama-200,000 zesanti.
Nangona ulawulo lwesanti ye-photovoltaic luvelise iziphumo ezimangalisayo, kusekho imiqobo emininzi ekufuneka yoyiswe. "Iteknoloji yokulawula isanti kufuneka iphuculwe ngakumbi, indlela yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic ngaxeshanye, ulawulo olusebenzayo lwentlango, kusafuneka uphando lwesayensi kunye nophando." UYang Wenbin, ingcali ephezulu kulawulo lwesanti kwi-China Academy of Forestry Research, uthe. Ngaphezu koko, iprojekthi yokulawula isanti ye-photovoltaic ihlangabezana nemiqobo enxulumene nomhlaba, imithombo yamanzi, kunye nezinye izixhobo.
Iingcali ezininzi zithe kusekho ithemba elikhulu lolawulo lwesanti ye-photovoltaic nangona kukho imingeni. Iingenelo zoqoqosho zeprojekthi yolawulo lwesanti ye-photovoltaic ziya kubonakala ngokuhamba kwexesha njengoko ubuchwepheshe be-photovoltaic buqhubela phambili kwaye umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha wamandla waseTshayina uqhubeka uphuculwa.
"Sibeke phambili isiqubulo see-kilowatts ezili-10 ze-PV kumntu ngamnye kwindawo yasentlango, ngenjongo yokudala indawo yovavanyo epheleleyo ye-PV yokubuyiselwa kwendalo kunye nokuvuselelwa kwamaphandle okuncediswa yi-PV." UHe Jijiang, usekela-mlawuli oyintloko weZiko loPhando lweNguquko yaMandla kunye noPhuhliso loLuntu kwiYunivesithi yaseTsinghua, waboniswa. Ngokukhanya okungakumbi, amanzi amancinci, ubuchwepheshe obutsha, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye neenzuzo zoshishino, "ukusetyenziswa kwe-photovoltaic + composite" kungaphezulu kwendawo yasentlango yophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso yamaphiko ukuba ibhabhe. Le ndawo ibe lukhetho olutsha lwentlango.
Njengendlela entsha yokuthintela ukuguquka kwentlango, ulawulo lwentlabathi ye-photovoltaic lunceda ukuphucula okusingqongileyo kwendalo kwaye lukhuthaze ukukhula kwecandelo elitsha lamandla. Ulawulo lwentlabathi ye-PV luya kuba lubaluleke ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo kwimizamo yaseTshayina yokulwa nokuguquka kwentlango kunye nokuvelisa imithombo emitsha yamandla. Ulawulo lwentlabathi ye-PV luya kubonisa ithemba elikhulu ekujongeni utshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokuqhubela phambili ukukhula okunobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo.
Ukusuka "kulawulo lwesanti yemizi-mveliso" ukuya "kulawulo lwesanti yendalo"
Iiphaneli zelanga ezicwangciswe kakuhle, njengolwandle oluqhubekayo lokukhanya okukhazimlayo kwindawo ebanzi yeNtlango yaseGobi, zishiya ababukeli bemangalisiwe kukudibana okugqibeleleyo kwengqondo yomntu kunye namandla endalo. Olu "lwandle" lubonakala ngathi "luyisixhobo" esingenakwaphulwa esakhelwe umhlaba kuphela, sikhusela ulungelelwaniso lwendalo lwentlango.
Intlango yaseGobi kunye nengca eluhlaza phantsi kweephaneli zelanga zenza umbono owahlukileyo kakhulu. Iigusha bezingakwazi ngaphambili ukuqonda indawo eziphumle kwaye zitya kuyo kule ndawo yokuhluma, kodwa ngenxa yokulawulwa kwesanti ye-photovoltaic, konke oku kuyenzeka ngoku.
Imimandla emithathu esemantla eTshayina ibandakanya uninzi lwelizwe eliyintlango, elinxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo neendawo ezihlwempuzekileyo kwezoqoqosho nezinabantu abambalwa. Ngaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezingama-600,000 zomhlaba oyintlango, okanye i-23.3% yomhlaba oyintlango iyonke welizwe, zifumaneka kwi-Inner Mongolia ngokukodwa. Oku kwenza i-51.5% yendawo yonke yommandla ozimeleyo.
Ukunkcenkceshela okonga amanzi kunye nezitishi zentsimi ze-photovoltaic ukunciphisa ukuqokelelwa komoya nesanti. Iprojekthi yokulawula isanti ye-State Power Investment eBeijing Dengkou I kunye ne-II photovoltaic yazisa iindlela zokulawula isanti ye-photovoltaic ngokusebenzisa amanyathelo amaninzi okudala. "Iprojekthi yokulawula isanti ye-Dengkou I kunye ne-II PV iphatha iihektare ezingama-2,400 zesanti, isindisa iitoni ezingama-45,000 zamalahle aqhelekileyo, inciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-carbon dioxide ngeetoni ezili-120,000, kwaye ivelisa i-120 yezigidi kWh zamandla aluhlaza ngonyaka. Ikwanciphisa imozulu enothuli nge-10%. Kunye noRhulumente weSithili saseDengkou, siza kwakha iJinsha PV, idolophu eyilelwe ukunciphisa ubuhlwempu, ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwamashishini engingqi, kunye nokujongana nomba wemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni engaphezu kwama-500." UWang wenza intshayelelo yokuqala.
Ukuze kuphuhliswe amaqhinga amatsha okuthintela nokulawula isanti kulo lonke ulwandle kunye nokukhupha rhoqo iziphumo ezintsha zokubonisa, uDengkou wayeziqhelanisa nokuhlola imodeli yolawulo lwesanti.
Ngowama-2017 i-NDRC eBeijing yaya kwiNdibano yesiThathu yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yezeNdalo, eyayibanjelwe eKenya ngengcebiso yeKhomishini yoPhuhliso noHlaziyo yeSizwe. Apho, iKhomishini yavuma "imodeli yokulawula isanti ye-photovoltaic yeDengkou" njengentetho ephambili. Ngowama-2022, iiprojekthi zokulawula isanti ye-photovoltaic ezintathu nezine zeDengkou zaqaliswa ngomzamo wokufumana amava angakumbi kulawulo lwesanti yelanga. Kwicandelo lokuphuhlisa amandla amatsha kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwendalo, indlela entsha yokulawula isanti kunye nesanti iye yaqatshelwa. Iprojekthi yokulawula isanti ye-photovoltaic yeDengkou iza kungena kwisigaba sayo sesithathu nesesine ngo-2022, yongeza kumava ayo kulawulo lwesanti yelanga kwaye iqhubele phambili imizamo yayo eqhubekayo yokwakha ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla amatsha kwendalo.
Iprojekthi yokulawula isanti ye-photovoltaic kwiNtlango yase-Ulanbuh ikhule yaya kutsho kwi-370,000 kilowatts, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yeyona projekthi inkulu, esebenza kakuhle, kwaye ingumzekelo oqhelekileyo weprojekthi entsha yokudibanisa amandla endalo kulo mmandla. Ikwabangele utshintsho oluvela "ekungeneni kwesanti kunye nabantu" ukuya "ekungeneni kunye nabantu."
Olu "lwandle luluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" kwiNtlango yaseGobi aluboneleli nje kuphela ngombane ococekileyo, kodwa lukwakhuthaza nethemba elingapheliyo. I-State Power Investment Corporation (SIPC) imodeli yolawulo lwesanti oluzinzileyo "ulawulo lwendalo oluyintlango + imboni yendalo yamandla aluhlaza" iqhubekile nokukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kolawulo lokuguquka kwentlango kunye nemboni entsha yamandla kunye nophuhliso olusemgangathweni, kunye nokutshintsha ukusuka "kulawulo lwesanti yemizi-mveliso" ukuya "kulawulo lwesanti yemizi-mveliso." "Ulawulo lwesanti yemizi-mveliso" luthathe indawo "yolawulo lwesanti yemizi-mveliso."
"Siza kuqhuba utshintsho nokuphuculwa kwamashishini kwiindawo ezingenanto, sakhe uthotho lwemizi-mveliso oluzinzileyo, size sizame ukudala ummangaliso omtsha wolawulo lwesanti lwaseTshayina kwixesha elitsha." Abantu nendalo bayahlalisana ngemvisiswano, kwaye ungadala ikamva eliqaqambileyo.
