Pankhani ya kusintha kwa mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi, kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito photovoltaic, monga ukadaulo wamagetsi woyera komanso wongowonjezwdwa, pang'onopang'ono kukukhala mphamvu yofunika kwambiri m'munda wamagetsi. Mu pepalali, tikambirana mozama mfundo, zigawo zamakina, madera ogwiritsira ntchito komanso zomwe zikuchitika mtsogolo pakupanga ukadaulo wamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito photovoltaic.
Choyamba, mfundo yopanga mphamvu ya photovoltaic
Kupanga mphamvu ya photovoltaic kumadalira mphamvu ya photovoltaic, kutanthauza kuti, dzuwa likamaunikira zinthu za semiconductor, ma photon amalumikizana ndi ma elekitironi omwe ali mu chinthucho, kotero kuti ma elekitironi amapeza mphamvu zokwanira kuti atuluke, ndikupanga mphamvu ya photovoltaic. Gawo lalikulu la kupanga mphamvu ya photovoltaic ndi selo ya photovoltaic, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri zosiyanasiyana za zinthu za semiconductor, monga ma semiconductor a p-type (okhala ndi mabowo ambiri) ndi ma semiconductor a n-type (okhala ndi ma elekitironi ambiri omasuka). Pansi pa kuwala, ma photon amatengedwa ndipo ma electron-hole awiri amatulutsidwa. Chifukwa cha mphamvu yamagetsi mu semiconductor, ma elekitironi ndi mabowo amalekanitsidwa mbali ziwiri za pn junction, zomwe zimapangitsa kusiyana komwe kungachitike ndi mphamvu yamagetsi, yomwe imapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya dzuwa isinthe mwachindunji kukhala magetsi. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zopangira magetsi a maselo a photovoltaic, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito silicon ya poly-crystalline, silicon ya mono-crystalline, silicon yopanda mawonekedwe ndi zinthu zina zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga maselo a photovoltaic, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wolumikizirana wa magawo ambiri, ukadaulo wowonjezera kuwala, ndi njira zina zowongolera bwino kuyamwa kwa kuwala ndi kusonkhanitsa ma elekitironi.
Chachiwiri, kapangidwe ka makina opangira magetsi a photovoltaic
Gulu la dzuwa:Monga gawo lofunika kwambiri la mphamvu ya dzuwa kukhala magetsi owongolera mphamvu, opangidwa ndi maselo ambiri a dzuwa, selo lililonse la dzuwa limapangidwa ndi silicon, phosphorous, boron ndi zinthu zina za semiconductor. Dzuwa likawala pa solar panel, limatha kusintha kuwala kwa dzuwa kukhala magetsi owongolera mphamvu. Mtundu wake nthawi zambiri umakhala wabuluu kapena wakuda.
Chosinthira:Ali ndi udindo wosintha mphamvu ya DC yopangidwa ndi ma solar panels kukhala mphamvu ya AC yomwe imakwaniritsa miyezo ya dziko lonse yolowera mu gridi kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji ndi katundu wamagetsi. Inverter nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zowongolera kuwala, zowongolera mphamvu, zoteteza zolakwika ndi ntchito zina kuti zitsimikizire kukhazikika ndi chitetezo cha kusintha kwa mphamvu.
Wolamulira:Monga maziko a kayendetsedwe ka makina opangira magetsi a PV, imatha kuwongolera bwino momwe ma solar panels ndi mabatire amachajidwira ndi kutulutsira mphamvu, komanso nthawi yomweyo kuyang'anira ndikuwongolera momwe inverter imagwirira ntchito nthawi yeniyeni, kuti ikwaniritse kugawa koyenera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu zamagetsi.
Phukusi la batri:Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungira magetsi opangidwa ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa, ndikupereka mphamvu yokhazikika komanso yokhazikika pamakina pamene ma solar panels sangathe kupanga magetsi (monga usiku, mitambo, ndi zina zotero). Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya mabatire ndi mabatire a lead-acid, mabatire a nickel-cadmium, mabatire a lithiamu-ion, ndi zina zotero.
Kuyika zinthu pakhoma:Monga kapangidwe kothandizira ma solar panels, nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi aluminiyamu, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi zinthu zina, zomwe zimalimbana ndi mphepo, kukana kugwedezeka, kukana dzimbiri ndi zina, kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikugwira ntchito bwino m'malo osiyanasiyana ovuta. Malo oikirapo chivundikiro nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa padenga, khoma, malo oimika magalimoto, ndi zina zotero za nyumbayo, yomwe imafunika kukhala ndi mphamvu yabwino yonyamula katundu komanso kukhazikika.
Zingwe:Mu makina a PV, zingwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza mphamvu, kutumiza chizindikiro ndi kulumikiza zida zowunikira kutali. Zingwe nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi mkuwa kapena aluminiyamu, zokhala ndi mphamvu yoyendetsa bwino komanso zotsutsana ndi kutentha kwambiri, ndipo ziyenera kuyikidwa motsatira malangizo amagetsi kuti zitsimikizire kuti magetsi ndi otetezeka komanso odalirika.
Chachitatu, madera ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya photovoltaic
Dongosolo lopangira mphamvu ya photovoltaic padenga:Ma solar panels amaikidwa padenga la nyumba kuti asinthe mphamvu ya dzuwa kukhala magetsi kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mnyumbamo. Izi zimagwira ntchito pa mitundu yonse ya nyumba monga nyumba zogona, nyumba zamalonda, mafakitale, ndi zina zotero. Sikuti zimangochepetsa ndalama zamagetsi, komanso zimathandiza kuchepetsa kudalira magwero amagetsi achikhalidwe ndikusunga mphamvu zobiriwira.
Mapulojekiti a boma ndi mapulojekiti a m'matauni:Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'nyumba za anthu onse, magetsi a pamsewu, zizindikiro za magalimoto ndi malo ena aboma komanso mapulojekiti a m'matauni kuti apereke magetsi odalirika pamapulojekiti awa. M'madera ena, boma lakhazikitsanso mfundo zingapo zolimbikitsira kuti lipititse patsogolo kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kupanga magetsi a PV m'maboma.
Kupanga Mphamvu Zogawika:Kupanga magetsi a PV ogawidwa ndi njira yopangira magetsi ya PV yomwe imagawidwa m'malo mwa ogwiritsa ntchito, kusintha magetsi a DC kukhala magetsi a AC kudzera mu ma inverter, kenako kulumikizidwa ku makina amagetsi am'deralo kuti azitha kudzidalira kapena magetsi olumikizidwa ndi gridi. Mtundu uwu wamagetsi amatha kulumikiza malo opangira magetsi a PV kudera, mafakitale, ndi zina zotero, kuti apereke mphamvu yosinthasintha, ndikuchepetsa bwino kutayika kwa njira yotumizira mphamvu.
Kupanga mphamvu ya photovoltaic yapakati:Dongosolo lopangira magetsi la photovoltaic lolumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi gridi yamphamvu ya dzuwa, kapangidwe ka magetsi kogwirizana ndi gridi, ndi ka mtundu wosinthira wa njira imodzi. Malo opangira magetsi a photovoltaic olumikizidwa ndi gridi yayikulu komanso yapakatikati amadziwika ndi mphamvu yayikulu, mphamvu yayikulu ya gridi, mphamvu yopangidwa idzatumizidwa mwachindunji ku gridi, kudzera mu gridi yolumikizidwa ndi magetsi kwa wogwiritsa ntchito. Chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kwakukulu, nthawi zambiri amafunika kumangidwa pamalo otseguka, monga zipululu ndi chipululu. Ngakhale kuti kumangako kumafuna ndalama zambiri komanso malo, ubwino wa sikelo umapangitsa kuti pakhale kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu zamagetsi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama moyenera.
Chachinayi, chitukuko chamtsogolo cha ukadaulo wopanga mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito photovoltaic
Zatsopano ndi kupita patsogolo kwa zinthu za photovoltaic:Ndi kupita patsogolo kosalekeza kwa sayansi ya zinthu, zinthu zatsopano za photovoltaic monga chalcogenide, zinthu za organic - inorganic hybrid zikupitilira kuonekera. Zinthuzi zili ndi mphamvu zambiri zosinthira magetsi komanso mtengo wotsika, ndipo zikuyembekezeka kukhala mphamvu yayikulu yoyendetsera chitukuko cha ukadaulo wa photovoltaic.
Kupititsa patsogolo kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka maselo a PV mosalekeza:Ofufuza apitiliza kukonza bwino kusintha kwa maselo a PV komanso kukhazikika kwawo kudzera mu kafukufuku wozama komanso kukonza kapangidwe ka maselo, mawonekedwe a pamwamba ndi mawonekedwe a kuwala. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba monga kapangidwe ka nano-structural ndi kapangidwe kosunga kuwala kungathandize kwambiri kuti maselo a PV azitha kuyamwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa dzuwa.
Kuphatikiza kwa dongosolo la photovoltaic ndi chitukuko chanzeru:Mtsogolomu, kuphatikiza ma cell a photovoltaic ndi machitidwe ena amagetsi (monga mphamvu ya mphepo, kusungira mphamvu, ndi zina zotero) kuti agwiritse ntchito bwino mphamvu ndi mgwirizano kudzakhala chizolowezi chofunikira. Nthawi yomweyo, mothandizidwa ndi Internet of Things, kusanthula deta yayikulu ndi ukadaulo wina wanzeru, kuyang'anira ndi kukonza makina a PV nthawi yeniyeni kudzachitika kuti kuwonjezere magwiridwe antchito ndi kudalirika kwa makinawo.
Kuphatikiza kwakukulu kwa ukadaulo wa PV ndi nyumba:Nyumba ndi imodzi mwa madera akuluakulu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ndipo kumanga ma photovoltaic ophatikizidwa (BIPV) kudzakhala njira yofunika kwambiri yopititsira patsogolo mtsogolo. Mwa kuphatikiza ma cell a photovoltaic m'makoma ndi padenga la nyumba, sikungopereka mphamvu yoyera ku nyumbazo, komanso kumawongolera bwino mawonekedwe ndi magwiridwe antchito osungira mphamvu a nyumbazo, ndikuzindikira kuphatikizana kwabwino kwa nyumba ndi mphamvu.
Kutsatsa ndi mgwirizano padziko lonse lapansi:Kukwezedwa ndi kugwirizanika kwa ukadaulo wa PV padziko lonse lapansi ndikofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwake mtsogolo. Kulimbitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi kugawana zotsatira za kafukufuku ndi luso laukadaulo kungafulumizitse chitukuko chachangu komanso kufalikira kwa ukadaulo wa PV. Nthawi yomweyo, maboma ayeneranso kuwonjezera chithandizo chawo kumakampani opanga ma PV ndikupanga mfundo ndi malamulo oyenera kuti apange malo abwino komanso mikhalidwe yabwino yolimbikitsira ndikugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa PV.
Pomaliza, ukadaulo wopanga magetsi a photovoltaic, wokhala ndi ubwino wake woyera, wosinthika, wopanda kuipitsa komanso zina zofunika, wasonyeza kuthekera kwakukulu kopititsa patsogolo mphamvu. Ndi kupita patsogolo kosalekeza komanso kupanga zatsopano kwa ukadaulo, ukadaulo wopanga magetsi a photovoltaic udzakhala ndi udindo wofunikira kwambiri mu kapangidwe ka mphamvu mtsogolo ndikupereka chithandizo chabwino ku chitukuko cha mphamvu chokhazikika padziko lonse lapansi.
