I roto i te horopaki o te whakawhiti pūngao o te ao, ko te whakaputa hiko photovoltaic, hei hangarau pūngao ma, whakahou hoki, kei te piki haere te rongonui hei kaha nui i roto i te ao pūngao. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou ngā mātāpono, ngā wāhanga pūnaha, ngā wāhi tono me ngā ia whanaketanga ā muri ake nei o te hangarau whakaputa hiko photovoltaic.
Tuatahi, te kaupapa o te whakaputa hiko photovoltaic
Ko te whakaputanga hiko photovoltaic e hangai ana ki te pānga photovoltaic, arā, ina whiti te rā ki te rauemi semiconductor, ka taunekeneke ngā photon me ngā irahiko i roto i te rauemi, kia nui ai te kaha o ngā irahiko ki te mawhiti, ka hanga he iahiko photovoltaic. Ko te wāhanga matua o te whakaputanga hiko photovoltaic ko te pūtau photovoltaic, e rua ngā paparanga o ngā momo rauemi semiconductor rerekē, pērā i ngā semiconductor momo-p (he maha atu ngā kōhao) me ngā semiconductor momo-n (he maha atu ngā irahiko kore utu). I raro i te mārama, ka mimitihia ngā photon, ā, ka tukuna ngā takirua irahiko-kōhao. Nā te mara hiko i roto i te semiconductor, ka wehea ngā irahiko me ngā kōhao ki ngā taha e rua o te hononga pn, ka hua ake he rerekētanga pūmanawa me te iahiko hiko, e whakatutuki ana i te huringa tika o te kaha o te rā ki te hiko. Hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa hiko o ngā pūtau photovoltaic, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te silicon poly-crystalline, te silicon mono-crystalline, te silicon amorphous me ētahi atu rauemi rerekē e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga o ngā pūtau photovoltaic, engari me whakamahi anō hoki i te hangarau hononga maha-wāhanga, te hangarau whakarei whatu, me ētahi atu mahi hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te mimiti mārama me te kohikohi i ngā irahiko.
Tuarua, te hanganga o te pūnaha whakaputa hiko photovoltaic
Papa rā:Hei wāhanga matua o te pūngao o te rā hei hiko au tika, he mea tito mai i ngā pūtau rā maha, he mea hanga ia pūtau rā ki te silicon, te phosphorus, te boron me ētahi atu rauemi haurua-ira. Ina whiti te rā ki runga i te panera rā, ka taea e ia te huri i te rā hei hiko au tika. Ko tōna tae he kikorangi, he mangu rānei te nuinga o te wā.
Pūwhakahuri:Ko rātou te kawenga mō te huri i te hiko DC i hangaia e ngā panera rā ki te hiko AC e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa ā-motu mō te whakauru ki te whatunga hiko, mō te whakamahi tika rānei mā ngā kawenga hiko. He maha ngā wā ka rite te inverter ki te whakahaere rama, te whakahaere hiko, te tiaki hapa me ētahi atu mahi hei whakarite i te pumau me te haumaru o te hurihanga hiko.
Kaiwhakahaere:Hei kaupapa matua mō te whakahaere i te pūnaha whakaputa hiko PV, ka taea e ia te whakahaere tika i te tukanga utu me te tukunga o ngā panera me ngā pākahiko o te rā, ā, i te wa ano ka aroturuki me te whakahaere i te mana whakahaere o te inverter i te wā tūturu, kia tutuki ai te tohatoha tika me te whakamahinga whai hua o te hiko.
Pūhiko:Ka whakamahia hei penapena i te hiko i hangaia e te whakaputanga hiko o te rā, ā, ka whakarato i tētahi pūtake hiko pumau, pumau hoki mō te pūnaha ina kore e taea e ngā panera rā te whakaputa hiko (hei tauira, i te pō, i ngā rā kapua, me ētahi atu). Ko ngā momo pākahiko noa ko ngā pākahiko waikawa-mata, ngā pākahiko nickel-cadmium, ngā pākahiko lithium-ion, me ētahi atu.
Te whatanga:Hei hanganga tautoko mō ngā panera rā, he mea hanga i te nuinga o te wā ki te koranu konumohe, te maitai kore waikura me ētahi atu rauemi, ā, he ātete ki te hau, ki te ru, ki te waikura me ētahi atu āhuatanga, kia mau ai te mahi i roto i ngā taiao uaua. Ko te wāhi whakairi o te whāriki ka whiriwhiria i runga i te tuanui, i te pakitara, i te papa waka, me ētahi atu o te whare, me whai kaha ki te kawe kawenga me te pumau.
Ngā taura:I roto i ngā pūnaha PV, ka whakamahia ngā taura mō te tuku hiko, te tuku tohu me te hononga o ngā taputapu aroturuki mamao. Ko ngā taura he mea hanga ki te parahi, ki te konumohe rānei, he pai te kawe hiko me te ātete ki te pāmahana teitei, ā, me tāuta kia rite tonu ki ngā whakaritenga hiko kia mau ai te haumaru me te pono o te hiko.
Tuatoru, ko ngā wāhi tono o te whakaputa hiko photovoltaic
Pūnaha whakaputa hiko photovoltaic tuanui:Ka tāutahia ngā panera rā ki runga i te tuanui o tētahi whare hei huri i te pūngao rā ki te hiko hei whakamahi mā te whare. Ka taea tēnei tono te whakamahi mō ngā momo whare katoa pēnei i ngā whare noho, ngā whare arumoni, ngā whare ahumahi, me ētahi atu. Ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa i ngā utu pūngao, engari ka āwhina hoki ki te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā pūtake pūngao tuku iho me te whakatutuki i te penapena pūngao matomato.
Ngā whare tūmatanui me ngā kaupapa ā-rohe:E whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā whare tūmatanui, ngā rama rori, ngā rama huarahi me ētahi atu whare tūmatanui me ngā kaupapa ā-rohe hei whakarato hiko pono mō ēnei kaupapa. I ētahi rohe, kua whakauruhia hoki e te kāwanatanga he raupapa kaupapa here whakatenatena hei whakatairanga ake i te tono me te whanaketanga o te whakaputa hiko PV i roto i te rāngai tūmatanui.
Te Whakaputa Hiko Tohatoha:Ko te whakaputa hiko PV tohatoha he pūnaha whakaputa hiko PV e whakahaerehia ana e te taha kaiwhakamahi o te tuku hiko, e huri ana i te hiko DC ki te hiko AC mā roto i ngā inverters, kātahi ka hono atu ki te pūnaha hiko ā-rohe kia tutuki ai te mana motuhake, te tuku hiko rānei e hono ana ki te whatunga hiko. Ka taea e tēnei momo whakaputa hiko te hono i te teihana hiko PV ki te hapori, ki te rohe ahumahi, me ētahi atu, kia pai ake ai te tuku hiko, ā, kia iti ake ai te ngaronga o te tuku hiko.
Te whakaputa hiko photovoltaic pokapū:Ka taea te hono tika i te pūnaha whakaputa hiko photovoltaic pokapū ki te whatunga hiko o te rā, ko te whirihoranga tuku hiko kotahi o te whatunga, he momo whakawhiti kotahi-ara. Ko te teihana hiko photovoltaic pokapū e hono ana ki te whatunga nui me te rahi-waenga te āhuatanga matua o te kaha nui, te taumata ngaohiko whatunga teitei, ka tukuna tika te hiko e whakaputaina ana ki te whatunga, mā te whatunga kotahi e tuku te tuku hiko ki te kaiwhakamahi. Nā te rahi o te tauine, me hanga i runga i ngā wāhi tuwhera whānui, pērā i te koraha me te ngahere. Ahakoa he nui te whakapaipai me ngā rauemi whenua e hiahiatia ana mō te hanganga, ko te painga tauine ka taea te whiwhi i te pai o te whakaputa hiko me te whai huatanga utu.
Tuawhā, ko te whanaketanga o te hangarau whakaputa hiko photovoltaic ā muri ake nei
Auahatanga me ngā putanga hou i roto i ngā rauemi photovoltaic:I te haere tonu o te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao rauemi, kei te puta tonu mai ngā rauemi photovoltaic hou pērā i ngā rauemi chalcogenide, ngā rauemi ranu waro-kore-waro. He nui ake te whai huatanga o te hurihanga photoelectric o ēnei rauemi, ā, he iti ake te utu, ā, e matapaetia ana ko rātou te tino kaha ki te akiaki i te whanaketanga tonu o te hangarau photovoltaic.
Te arotau tonu i te hanganga me te hoahoa o ngā pūtau PV:Ka whakapai ake ngā kairangahau i te whai huatanga o te hurihanga me te pumau o ngā pūtau PV mā te ako hōhonu me te arotau i te hanganga pūtau, te āhua o te mata me ngā āhuatanga whatu. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau matatau pēnei i te hoahoa nano-hanganga me ngā hanganga hopu-mārama ka taea te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o ngā pūtau PV ki te mimiti me te whakamahi i te rā.
Te whakaurunga o te pūnaha photovoltaic me te whanaketanga atamai:I ngā rā kei te heke mai, ko te whakaurunga o ngā pūtau photovoltaic me ētahi atu pūnaha pūngao (hei tauira, te pūngao hau, te rokiroki pūngao, me ētahi atu) hei whakatutuki i te whakamahinga pai o te pūngao me te whakakotahitanga ka noho hei ia o ngā mahi nui. I taua wā anō, me te āwhina o te Ipurangi o ngā Mea, te tātari raraunga nui me ētahi atu hangarau atamai, ka whakatinanahia te aroturukitanga me te arotautanga wā-tūturu o te pūnaha PV hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te mahi me te pono o te pūnaha.
Te whakaurunga hōhonu o te hangarau PV me ngā whare:Ko ngā whare tētahi o ngā wāhanga nui o te whakapaunga pūngao, ā, ka noho ko te hiko photovoltaic whakauru whare (BIPV) hei huarahi whanaketanga nui ā muri ake nei. Mā te whakauru i ngā pūtau photovoltaic ki roto i ngā pakitara o waho me ngā tuanui o ngā whare, ehara i te mea ka taea anake te whakarato pūngao ma mō ngā whare, engari ka pai ake hoki te āhua me te mahi penapena pūngao o ngā whare, ka tutuki ai te whakaurunga tino pai o ngā whare me te pūngao.
Te whakatairanga me te mahi tahi ā-ao:He mea nui te whakatairanga me te mahi tahi o te hangarau PV puta noa i te ao mō tōna whanaketanga ā muri ake nei. Mā te whakapakari i te mahi tahi o te ao me te whakapuaki i ngā hua rangahau me ngā wheako hangarau ka taea te whakatere i te tere o te whanaketanga me te horapa o te rongonuitanga o te hangarau PV. I taua wā anō, me whakanui ake hoki e ngā kāwanatanga tā rātou tautoko i te umanga PV me te whakatakoto kaupapa here me ngā ture whaitake hei waihanga i tētahi taiao me ngā tikanga pai mō te whakatairanga me te whakamahi i te hangarau PV.
Hei whakamutunga, ko te hangarau whakaputa hiko photovoltaic, me ōna painga ma, whakahou, kore parahanga me ētahi atu painga nui, kua whakaatu i te kaha nui mō te whanaketanga i roto i te ao pūngao. I te haere tonu o te ahunga whakamua me te auahatanga o te hangarau, ka noho te hangarau whakaputa hiko photovoltaic ki tētahi tūranga nui ake i roto i te hanganga pūngao o te heke mai, ā, ka whai wāhi pai ki te whanaketanga pūngao pumau o te ao.
