Mu rwego rw'impinduka mu ngufu ku isi, ingufu zikomoka kuri photovoltaic, nk'ikoranabuhanga ry'ingufu zisukuye kandi zishobora kongera gukoreshwa, zigenda zihinduka imbaraga z'ingenzi mu rwego rw'ingufu. Muri iyi nyandiko, tuzaganira ku buryo bwimbitse ku mahame, ibice bigize sisitemu, aho zikoreshwa ndetse n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu gutanga ingufu zikomoka kuri photovoltaic mu gihe kizaza.
Ubwa mbere, ihame ryo kubyaza ingufu ingufu zikomoka kuri photovoltaic
Ingufu za photovoltaic zishingiye ku ngaruka za photovoltaic, ni ukuvuga iyo izuba ricanye ibikoresho bya semiconductor, fotoni zikorana na electrons ziri mu bikoresho, bityo electrons zibona ingufu zihagije zo gusohoka, zigakora umuyoboro wa photovoltaic. Igice cy'ingenzi cy'ingufu za photovoltaic ni akaremangingo ka photovoltaic, gasanzwe kagizwe n'ibice bibiri bitandukanye by'ibikoresho bya semiconductor, nka semiconductor za p-type (zifite imyobo myinshi) na semiconductor za n-type (zifite electrons nyinshi zigenga). Mu gihe cy'urumuri, fotoni zirashongeshwa maze elektroni n'imyobo ibiri birarekurwa. Bitewe n'umurima w'amashanyarazi muri semiconductor, electrons n'imyobo bitandukanyijwe ku mpande ebyiri z'ihuriro rya pn, bigatera itandukaniro rishoboka n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, utuma ingufu z'izuba zihinduka amashanyarazi mu buryo butaziguye. Mu rwego rwo kunoza imikorere y’ingufu za selile za photovoltaic, akenshi hakoreshwa silicon ya poly-crystalline, silicon ya mono-crystalline, silicon idafite isura n’ibindi bikoresho bitandukanye bikoreshwa mu gukora selile za photovoltaic, ariko kandi hakoreshwa ikoranabuhanga ryo guhuza ibyiciro byinshi, ikoranabuhanga ryo kongera ingufu z’urumuri, n’ibindi bipimo byo kunoza imikorere y’urumuri no gukusanya electron.
Icya kabiri, imiterere ya sisitemu yo kubyaza ingufu za photovoltaic
Izuba:Nk'igice cy'ingenzi cy'ingufu z'izuba mu mashanyarazi y'amashanyarazi akoresha ingufu zidasanzwe, agizwe n'uturemangingo twinshi tw'izuba, buri turemangingo tw'izuba tugizwe na silikoni, fosifore, boroni n'ibindi bikoresho bya semiconductor. Iyo izuba rirashe ku mashini y'izuba, rishobora guhindura izuba mu mashanyarazi akoresha ingufu zidasanzwe. Ibara ryaryo rikunze kuba ubururu cyangwa umukara.
Inverter:Ashinzwe guhindura ingufu za DC zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba mo ingufu za AC zujuje ibisabwa ku rwego rw'igihugu kugira ngo zishyirwe mu muyoboro w'amashanyarazi cyangwa zikoreshwe mu buryo butaziguye n'amashanyarazi. Inverter isanzwe ifite ubushobozi bwo kugenzura urumuri, kugenzura ingufu, kurinda amakosa n'ibindi bikorwa kugira ngo ihamye kandi igire umutekano mu guhindura ingufu.
Umugenzuzi:Nk’ingenzi mu gucunga sisitemu yo gutanga ingufu za PV, ishobora kugenzura neza uburyo bwo gusharija no gusohora ingufu z’imirasire y’izuba na bateri, kandi icyarimwe igakurikirana kandi ikagenzura imikorere ya inverter mu gihe nyacyo, kugira ngo ishobore gukwirakwiza neza no gukoresha neza ingufu z’amashanyarazi.
Paki ya bateri:Ikoreshwa mu kubika amashanyarazi aturuka ku mirasire y'izuba, no gutanga amashanyarazi ahoraho kandi ahoraho kuri sisitemu iyo imirasire y'izuba idashobora gukora amashanyarazi (urugero: nijoro, mu gihe cy'ibicu, nibindi). Ubwoko busanzwe bwa bateri burimo bateri za aside ya lead, bateri za nickel-cadmium, bateri za lithium-ion, nibindi.
Gushyira ibintu ku rukuta:Nk'imiterere y'inkunga y'imirasire y'izuba, isanzwe ikozwe mu cyuma cya aluminiyumu, icyuma kidashonga n'ibindi bikoresho, bifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya umuyaga, kurwanya impanuka, kurwanya ingese n'ibindi bintu, kugira ngo ikore neza mu buryo burambye mu bidukikije bitandukanye bikomeye. Aho inkingi ishyirwa akenshi hatoranywa ku gisenge, ku rukuta, aho guparika imodoka, n'ibindi by'inyubako, aho igomba kuba ifite ubushobozi bwo gutwara imizigo no kudahungabana.
Insinga:Muri sisitemu za PV, insinga zikoreshwa mu kohereza amashanyarazi, kohereza ibimenyetso no guhuza ibikoresho byo kugenzura biri kure. Insinga zisanzwe zikozwe mu muringa cyangwa aluminiyumu, zifite ubushobozi bwo gutwara amashanyarazi neza kandi zirwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, kandi zigomba gushyirwaho hakurikijwe amabwiriza y'amashanyarazi kugira ngo zigire umutekano n'ubudahangarwa bw'amashanyarazi.
Icya gatatu, ahantu hakoreshwa ingufu za photovoltaic
Sisitemu yo kubyaza ingufu za photovoltaic hejuru y'inzu:Imirasire y'izuba ishyirwa ku gisenge cy'inyubako kugira ngo ihindure ingufu z'izuba amashanyarazi yo gukoreshwa muri iyo nyubako. Iyi porogaramu ikoreshwa ku nyubako zose nko mu mazu yo guturamo, mu bucuruzi, mu nganda, n'ibindi. Ntibigabanya gusa ikiguzi cy'ingufu, ahubwo binafasha kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku masoko gakondo y'ingufu no kuzigama ingufu zikomoka ku bidukikije.
Ibikoresho bya leta n'imishinga y'umujyi:Ikoreshwa cyane mu nyubako rusange, amatara yo ku mihanda, ibimenyetso by'umuhanda n'ibindi bikorwa rusange ndetse n'imishinga y'umujyi kugira ngo itange amashanyarazi yizewe kuri iyi mishinga. Mu turere tumwe na tumwe, leta yanashyizeho gahunda zitandukanye zo gushishikariza abaturage gukomeza gukoresha no guteza imbere amashanyarazi ya PV mu nzego za leta.
Ingufu zitangwa:Ingufu za PV zikwirakwizwa ni sisitemu yo gutanga amashanyarazi ya PV ikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye ku ruhande rw'umukoresha, igahindura amashanyarazi ya DC muri AC binyuze muri inverters, hanyuma igahuzwa na sisitemu y'amashanyarazi yo mu gace runaka kugira ngo igere ku kwihaza cyangwa ihuzwe n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Ubwo bwoko bw'amashanyarazi bushobora guhuza sitasiyo y'amashanyarazi ya PV n'abaturage, inganda, n'ibindi, kugira ngo itange ingufu zoroshye, kandi igabanye kubura kw'inzira yo kohereza ingufu.
Ingufu zikomoka kuri photovoltaic zo mu bwoko bwa "centralized photovoltaic":Sisitemu yo kubyaza ingufu za photovoltaic ikoreshwa hagati ishobora guhuzwa ku muyoboro w’ingufu z’izuba, imiterere y’amashanyarazi akoreshwa hamwe mu miyoboro y’amashanyarazi, ni iyo mu bwoko bw’ihererekanya ry’inzira imwe. Sitasiyo y’ingufu za photovoltaic nini n’iziciriritse zikoreshwa hagati zirangwa ahanini n’ubushobozi bwinshi, urugero rw’amashanyarazi menshi, ingufu zitangwa zizoherezwa mu muyoboro w’amashanyarazi, binyuze mu kohereza ingufu ku muyoboro w’amashanyarazi ku mukoresha. Bitewe n’uko ari nini, akenshi zigomba kubakwa ahantu hagari hafunguye, nko mu butayu no mu butayu. Nubwo kubaka bisaba umutungo munini w’imari n’ubutaka, inyungu y’ubunini ituma bishoboka kubona ingufu zikoreshwa neza kandi zigatanga umusaruro uhendutse.
Icya kane, iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo kubyaza ingufu ingufu za photovoltaic mu gihe kizaza
Udushya n'iterambere mu bikoresho bya photovoltaic:Bitewe n’iterambere rikomeje mu bumenyi bw’ibikoresho, ibikoresho bishya bya photovoltaic nka chalcogenide, ibikoresho bivanze by’umwimerere na inorganic bikomeje kugaragara. Ibi bikoresho bifite ubushobozi bwo guhindura amashanyarazi neza kandi bihendutse, kandi byitezwe ko bizaba imbaraga nyamukuru zitera iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rya photovoltaic.
Gukomeza kunoza imiterere n'imiterere y'uturemangingo twa PV:Abashakashatsi bazarushaho kunoza imikorere myiza y’uturemangingo twa PV no kudatezuka kwatwo binyuze mu bushakashatsi bwimbitse no kunoza imiterere y’uturemangingo, imiterere y’ubuso n’imiterere y’urumuri. Urugero, gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho nko gushushanya imiterere ya nano-structure no gufata urumuri bishobora kunoza imikorere y’uturemangingo twa PV mu kwinjiza no gukoresha urumuri rw’izuba.
Guhuza sisitemu ya photovoltaic n'iterambere ry'ubwenge:Mu gihe kizaza, guhuza uturemangingo twa photovoltaic n'izindi sisitemu z'ingufu (urugero: ingufu z'umuyaga, kubika ingufu, nibindi) kugira ngo ingufu zikoreshwe neza kandi zuzuzanye bizaba ikintu cy'ingenzi. Muri icyo gihe, hifashishijwe interineti y'ibintu, isesengura ry'amakuru menshi n'ubundi buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga, gukurikirana no kunoza sisitemu ya PV mu buryo nyabwo bizagerwaho kugira ngo kunoze imikorere n'ubwizerwe bwa sisitemu.
Guhuza ikoranabuhanga rya PV n'inyubako mu buryo bwimbitse:Inyubako ni kimwe mu bice by'ingenzi bikoreshwa cyane mu gukoresha ingufu, kandi kubaka ingufu zikomoka kuri photovoltaic (BIPV) bizaba icyerekezo cy'ingenzi mu iterambere ry'ejo hazaza. Mu gushyira uturemangingo twa photovoltaic mu nkuta zo hanze no ku bisenge by'inyubako, ntibishobora gutanga ingufu zisukuye ku nyubako gusa, ahubwo binanoza neza imiterere n'imikorere yo kuzigama ingufu z'inyubako, bigatuma inyubako zihuzwa neza n'ingufu.
Kwamamaza no gukorana ku isi yose:Guteza imbere no gukorana kw'ikoranabuhanga rya PV ku isi hose ni ingenzi mu iterambere ryaryo ry'ejo hazaza. Gushimangira ubufatanye mpuzamahanga no gusangira ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi n'uburambe mu bya tekiniki bishobora kwihutisha iterambere ryihuse no gukwirakwira hose kw'ikoranabuhanga rya PV. Muri icyo gihe, za leta zigomba kandi kongera inkunga yazo ku nganda za PV no gushyiraho politiki n'amabwiriza bifatika kugira ngo habeho ibidukikije byiza n'imiterere myiza yo guteza imbere no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya PV.
Mu gusoza, ikoranabuhanga ryo kubyaza ingufu ingufu zikomoka kuri photovoltaic, hamwe n’inyungu zaryo zisukuye, zishobora kongera gukoreshwa, zitanduye n’izindi nyungu zikomeye, ryagaragaje ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gutera imbere mu bijyanye n’ingufu. Hamwe n’iterambere rihoraho n’udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, ikoranabuhanga ryo kubyaza ingufu ingufu zikomoka kuri photovoltaic rizagira umwanya ukomeye mu miterere y’ingufu z’ejo hazaza kandi rigire uruhare rwiza mu iterambere ry’ingufu zirambye ku isi.
