Mkhalidwe Wamakono wa Ukadaulo Wapadziko Lonse wa Photovoltaic
Kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa kwakhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pothana ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu komanso kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Pakati pa ukadaulo wongowonjezwdwa, kupanga mphamvu za photovoltaic (PV) kwakula mofulumira m'zaka zaposachedwa, kukhala gwero lamphamvu loyera, lopanda mpweya wambiri, komanso lopikisana pamtengo m'maiko ambiri. Mu 2020 yokha, dziko lapansi linawonjezera mphamvu zatsopano za PV 127 GW, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti mphamvu zonse zomwe zayikidwazo zikhale 707 GW.
Maselo a dzuwa a silicon omwe ali ndi kristalo ndi omwe amalamulira, ndipo ukadaulo watsopano ukukulirakulira.
Maselo a PV, omwe ndi gawo lalikulu la makampani opanga mphamvu ya dzuwa, amagawidwa m'magulu malinga ndi zinthu ndi njira zosiyanasiyana monga crystalline silicon, thin-film, perovskite, ndi organic cells. Maselo a crystalline silicon, omwe amadziwika kuti amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri posintha zinthu, kupezeka kwa zinthu zambiri zopangira, komanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe, amakhalabe ukadaulo wofunikira kwambiri popanga zinthu zambiri.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ukadaulo wa PERC (Passivated Emitter ndi Rear Cell) kwawonjezera kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a maselo a silicon m'zaka zaposachedwa. Nthawi yomweyo, ukadaulo watsopano monga maselo a perovskite wakhala nkhani yofunika kwambiri yofufuza padziko lonse lapansi. Maselo awa akupeza magwiridwe antchito ofanana ndi silicon ya crystalline, ndipo ngakhale kuti mafakitale awo akupita patsogolo, mavuto akadalipo pakukulitsa ndikutsimikizira kukhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali.
Makina a PV okonzedwa bwino komanso ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
Makina a photovoltaic akupita patsogolo molondola komanso mosavuta kukula. Kugwiritsa ntchito makina a 1,500V tsopano kwaposa muyezo wakale wa 1,000V, kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo cha gridi ndi kudalirika pamene kukulitsa ubwino wopanga magetsi. Ntchito zophatikizana monga "PV + ulimi," "PV + ulimi wa m'madzi," ndi "PV + zomangamanga" zikukulirakulira. Zatsopano monga ma microgrid ndi ma smart grid zikuphatikizanso mphamvu ya PV ndi zomangamanga zamagetsi zachikhalidwe.
Zochitika mu Ukadaulo wa Padziko Lonse wa Photovoltaic
Mayiko padziko lonse lapansi akufulumizitsa luso lamakono mu unyolo wamtengo wapatali wa PV ngati njira yothandiza yolimbikitsira mafakitale atsopano. Ntchitoyi ikuyang'ana kwambiri pakupititsa patsogolo zipangizo, kupanga, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makina kuti achepetse ndalama ndikuwonjezera mpikisano.
Zigawo za PV zazikulu zikusintha kuti zikhale zogwira mtima kwambiri komanso zotsika mtengo.
Maselo a silicon a kristalo, omwe ali ndi chilengedwe chokhazikika cha mafakitale, apitilizabe kulamulira kupanga. Kusintha kwamtsogolo kudzayang'ana kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa zinthu, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu ndi mphamvu, komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira. Ukadaulo monga ma cell a perovskite ndi ma cell a dzuwa a tandem akuyimira malire otsatira, ndi ndalama zambiri zomwe cholinga chake ndi kukonza magwiridwe antchito a chipangizocho komanso kukhazikika kwake. Mavuto akuluakulu ogwiritsira ntchito ndi kudalirika akathetsedwa, ma cell a perovskite akuyembekezeka kusintha mawonekedwe amsika wa PV.
Kukulitsa zochitika zogwiritsira ntchito ukadaulo wa PV.
Mayiko akusintha ma PV kuti agwirizane ndi mikhalidwe yawo yapadera, akulimbikitsa chitukuko monga Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV), minda ya dzuwa yoyandama, ulimi wophatikizidwa ndi PV, ndi malo oimika magalimoto a dzuwa. Kafukufuku wofananawo akugogomezera zinthu zapadera, ukadaulo wowongolera wophatikizidwa, ndi mgwirizano wa magwiridwe antchito kuti awonjezere kusinthasintha ndi magwiridwe antchito.
Kukula kwa Ukadaulo wa Photovoltaic ku China
Mu nthawi ya 13 ya Dongosolo la Zaka Zisanu, ukadaulo wa photovoltaic waku China udapita patsogolo kwambiri, chifukwa cha kukula kwachangu kwa mafakitale. Zigawo zazikulu monga ma PV cell ndi ma modules zidapeza mphamvu zotsogola padziko lonse lapansi zopangira, pomwe zida zopangira zidapita patsogolo kuti zikhale zokhazikika. Kuphatikiza ukadaulo wanzeru mumakina a PV kwawonjezera magwiridwe antchito abwino.
Ukadaulo wa ma cell ndi ma module a PV apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Pofika kumapeto kwa Dongosolo la Zaka Zisanu la 13, dziko la China linali litasintha kuchoka ku maselo achikhalidwe a polycrystalline a aluminiyamu kupita ku maselo apamwamba a monocrystalline PERC. Kuchuluka kwa maselo a crystalline silicon kunakwera kuchoka pa 18.5% kumayambiriro kwa nthawiyi kufika pa 22.8%, zomwe zikusonyeza kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wopanga.
Zipangizo zamakono zatsopano monga TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact), HJT (Heterojunction), ndi IBC (Interdigitated Back Contact) zikuchulukirachulukira, ndipo makampani aku China akukhazikitsa mbiri yapadziko lonse ya kupanga bwino. Mofananamo, kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wa perovskite kwalola ofufuza aku China kufanana ndi atsogoleri apadziko lonse lapansi m'zolemba zogwira ntchito za labotale, ndi kupita patsogolo kopitilira mu malonda.
Zipangizo zopangira zinthu zapakhomo komanso zapamwamba.
Zipangizo zopangira ma PV ku China zasintha kuchoka pakupanga zinthu zotsika mtengo kupita kuzinthu zapamwamba kwambiri. Kusintha kwakukulu, makina odzipangira okha, komanso kusintha kwa digito zikusintha gawoli kukhala malo opangira zinthu anzeru. Zinthu zofunika kwambiri monga ma wafer a polysilicon, maselo, ndi ma module tsopano zimapangidwa kwambiri ndi ukadaulo wapakhomo.
Makina a PV anzeru komanso ogwira ntchito bwino.
Ukadaulo watsopano, kuphatikizapo njira zotsatirira ndi mapangidwe a 1,500V, ukuwonjezera mphamvu zamagetsi za makina a PV. Maloboti anzeru, ma drone, kusanthula deta yayikulu, ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba wolumikizirana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukonza makina, zomwe zimawonjezera magwiridwe antchito.
Zochitika mu Ukadaulo wa Photovoltaic ku China
Popeza ndi msika waukulu kwambiri wa PV padziko lonse lapansi, China ikuchita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakukulitsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo watsopano wa dzuwa. Patsogolo pake, dzikolo likufuna kutsogolera zatsopano padziko lonse lapansi mu ukadaulo wa PV wopangidwa ndi mafakitale.
Kuchita bwino kwambiri kwa maselo a PV.
Maselo a silicon opangidwa ndi kristalo adzapitirizabe kulamulira, ndipo ukadaulo wa PERC ukupitirirabe kusintha. Maselo a silicon opangidwa ndi kristalo a mtundu wa N, pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa TOPCon kapena HJT, akukonzekera kukhala njira yotsatira yodziwika bwino akadzakula bwino. Maselo ogwira ntchito bwino monga perovskite ndi maselo a tandem adzatsogolera kupita patsogolo kwa ntchito pamene mafakitale akupita patsogolo.
Ma module olimbikitsidwa okhala ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri ziwiri: kuchita bwino komanso kudalirika.
Zipangizo zamakono monga ma module a half-cell, shingled, ndi multi-busbar zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Ma module a bifacial, omwe amapereka mphamvu zambiri, akuyembekezeka kukhala otchuka, othandizidwa ndi zipangizo zatsopano zolumikizira ndi njira zomwe zimathandizira kulimba.
Makina a PV anzeru komanso osiyanasiyana.
Ma inverter adzasintha kukhala mphamvu zapamwamba, ntchito zanzeru, komanso kuphatikiza bwino ndi kusunga mphamvu. Zatsopano mu BIPV ndi mapulogalamu ena atsopano zidzatsegula mwayi wowonjezera pakupanga ma PV, ndikuwonjezera kuthekera kwake pazochitika zosiyanasiyana.
