Te Āhua o te Hangarau Photovoltaic o te Ao i Nāianei
Kua noho te whanaketanga o te pūngao hou hei kaupapa matua o te ao mō te aro atu ki te whakawhiti pūngao me te whawhai ki te huringa āhuarangi. I roto i ngā hangarau hou, kua tere te tipu o te whakaputa hiko photovoltaic (PV) i ngā tau tata nei, ā, kua puta hei puna pūngao ma, iti-waro, me te whakataetae utu i roto i te maha o ngā whenua. I te tau 2020 anake, i tāpirihia e te ao he 127 GW o te kaha PV hou, ka eke te kaha tāuta katoa ki te 707 GW.
Ko ngā pūtau rā silicon tioata te mea nui rawa atu, ā, kei te piki haere te rongonui o ngā hangarau hou.
Ko ngā pūtau PV, te wāhanga matua o te umanga pūngao rā, ka whakarōpūtia e ngā rauemi me ngā tukanga ki ngā momo pēnei i te silicon tioata, te kiriata angiangi, te perovskite, me ngā pūtau rauropi. Ko ngā pūtau silicon tioata, e mōhiotia ana mō tō rātou whai huatanga hurihanga teitei, te nui o ngā rauemi mata e wātea ana, me te haumaru taiao, koia tonu te hangarau matua i roto i te whakaputanga tauine nui.
Nā te whānui o te whakamahinga o te hangarau PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell) kua tino whakapiki ake i te pai o te mahi a te pūtau silicon tioata i ngā tau tata nei. I taua wā anō, kua noho ko ngā hangarau hou pēnei i ngā pūtau perovskite hei kaupapa rangahau wera puta noa i te ao. Kei te tutuki i ēnei pūtau ngā pai o te hurihanga taiwhanga e rite ana ki te silicon tioata, ā, ahakoa kei te ahu whakamua tonu tā rātou ahumahi, kei te mau tonu ngā wero ki te whakanui ake me te whakarite i te pumau mō te wā roa.
Ngā pūnaha PV whakarei ake me ngā tono kanorau.
Kei te ahu whakamua ngā pūnaha photovoltaic i roto i te tika me te tauine. Ko te whakaurunga o ngā pūnaha 1,500V inaianei kua hipa ake i te paerewa 1,000V tawhito, e whakapai ake ana i te haumaru me te pono o te whatunga hiko me te whakarei ake i te kounga whakaputa hiko. Kei te whānui haere te whānuitanga o ngā tono whakauru pēnei i te "PV + ahuwhenua," "PV + ahuwhenua ika," me te "PV + hoahoanga". Ko ngā auahatanga pēnei i ngā whatunga iti me ngā whatunga atamai kei te whakauru atu i te mana PV ki ngā hanganga hiko tuku iho.
Ngā Auahatanga o te Hangarau Photovoltaic o te Ao
Kei te whakateretere ngā whenua o te ao i te auahatanga puta noa i te mekameka uara PV hei kaupapa rautaki hei whakatairanga i ngā ahumahi hou. Kei te arotahi ngā mahi ki te whakatairanga i ngā rauemi, te hanga, me ngā tono pūnaha hei whakaiti i ngā utu me te whakarei ake i te whakataetae.
Kei te whanake haere ngā wāhanga matua o te hiko PV ki te whakapiki i te whai huatanga me te whakaiti i ngā utu.
Ka noho tonu ngā pūtau silicon tioata, me te pūnaha ahumahi kua tino whakapumautia, hei rangatira mō te whakaputanga. Ka arotahi ngā whakapainga ā muri ake nei ki te whakapiki ake i te whai huatanga o te hurihanga, te whakaiti i te whakamahinga rauemi me te pūngao, me te whakaiti i ngā utu hanga. Ko ngā hangarau pēnei i te perovskite me ngā pūtau solar tandem te rohe e whai ake nei, me ngā haumitanga nui e aro ana ki te whakapai ake i te mahi me te pumau o ngā taputapu. Kia whakatauhia ngā take tono nui me te pono, e tumanakohia ana ka tautuhi anō ngā pūtau perovskite i te whenua o te mākete PV.
Te whakawhānui ake i ngā horopaki tono mō te hangarau PV.
Kei te whakarerekē ngā whenua i ngā tono PV ki ō rātou āhuatanga ahurei, e whakatairanga ana i ngā whanaketanga pēnei i te Hanga-Whakaurunga Photovoltaics (BIPV), ngā pāmu rā e rere ana, te ahuwhenua whakauru-PV, me ngā taunga waka rā. E aro nui ana ngā rangahau e pā ana ki ngā hua motuhake, ngā hangarau whakahaere whakauru, me ngā mahi tahi whakahaere hei whakarei ake i te whānui me te mahi.
Te Whanaketanga Hangarau Photovoltaic o Haina
I te wā o te Mahere Rima Tau 13, i tino whanake te hangarau photovoltaic o Haina, nā te tere o te whanaketanga o te ahumahi. Ko ngā wāhanga matua pēnei i ngā pūtau PV me ngā kōwae i eke ki ngā kaha whakaputa matua o te ao, i te mea i ahu whakamua ngā taputapu hanga ki te rohe katoa. Nā te whakaurunga o ngā hangarau atamai ki roto i ngā pūnaha PV i pai ake ai te mahi.
Ngā hangarau pūtau me ngā kōwae PV o te ao.
I te mutunga o te Mahere Rima-Tau 13, kua neke atu a Haina i ngā pūtau konumohe-muri polycrystalline tuku iho ki ngā pūtau PERC monocrystalline matatau. Ko te whai huatanga hurihanga toharite o ngā pūtau silicon crystalline i piki ake mai i te 18.5% i te tīmatanga o te wā ki te 22.8%, e whakaatu ana i te pikinga whakamua o te hangarau whakaputa.
Kei te piki haere te ahumahi o ngā hangarau hou pēnei i te TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact), te HJT (Heterojunction), me te IBC (Interdigitated Back Contact), ā, kei te whakatū tonu ngā umanga Hainamana i ngā rekoata o te ao mō te whai huatanga o te whakaputa. Waihoki, kua taea e ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau perovskite te whakataurite i ngā kairangahau Hainamana ki ngā kaiārahi o te ao i roto i ngā rekoata whai huatanga o te taiwhanga, me te haere tonu o te ahunga whakamua ki te hokohoko.
Ngā taputapu hanga ā-rohe me ngā taputapu hanga matatau.
Kua nekehia ngā taputapu hanga PV o Haina mai i te iti ki te teitei. Ko te whakaritenga teitei, te aunoatanga, me te mamati kei te huri i te rāngai hei pūngao hanga atamai. Ko ngā wāhanga matua pēnei i ngā papa polysilicon, ngā pūtau, me ngā kōwae kei te hangaia inaianei mā te hangarau ā-rohe.
Ngā pūnaha PV atamai ake, whai hua ake.
Kei te whakapiki ake ngā hangarau hou, tae atu ki ngā pūnaha aroturuki me ngā hoahoa 1,500V, i te putanga hiko o ngā pūnaha PV. E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā karetao atamai, ngā waka rererangi kore utu, ngā tātari raraunga nui, me ngā hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero matatau mō te whakahaere me te tiaki i te pūnaha, ā, ka whakarei ake i te mahi.
Ngā Auahatanga o te Hangarau Photovoltaic o Haina
Hei te mākete PV nui rawa atu o te ao, he tūranga nui tā Haina ki te whakatipu me te whakamahi i ngā hangarau hou o te rā. I te heke mai, ko te whāinga o te whenua he ārahi i te auahatanga o te ao i roto i ngā hangarau PV ahumahi.
He pai ake te whai huatanga mō ngā pūtau PV.
Ka mau tonu te mana o ngā pūtau silicon tioata, me te whanaketanga tonu o te hangarau PERC. Ko ngā pūtau silicon tioata momo-N, e whakamahi ana i te hangarau TOPCon, HJT rānei, kua rite hei kōwhiringa matua e whai ake nei ina pakeke haere te taurite utu-whai hua. Ko ngā pūtau mahi-teitei pēnei i te perovskite me ngā pūtau tandem ka akiaki i ngā putanga hou o te whai hua i te ahunga whakamua o te ahumahi.
Ngā kōwae whakarei ake me ngā kaupapa matua e rua: te whai huatanga me te pono.
Ka whānuitia te whakamahi i ngā hangarau pēnei i ngā waeine haurua-pūtau, ngā waeine shingle, me ngā waeine maha-paera. Ko ngā waeine mata-rua, e tuku ana i te whakaputa hiko teitei ake, e tūmanakohia ana ka noho hei mea matua, me te tautoko a ngā rauemi whakakī hou me ngā tikanga hei whakapai ake i te roa.
Ngā pūnaha PV atamai ake, kanorau ake.
Ka whanake ngā kaitahuri ki ngā kaha hiko teitei ake, ki ngā mahi atamai, me te whakaurunga maeneene ki te rokiroki hiko. Mā ngā auahatanga i roto i te BIPV me ētahi atu tono hou ka huakina atu ngā whai wāhitanga atu mō te whanaketanga PV, ka whakanuia ake tōna pūmanawa puta noa i ngā āhuatanga rerekē.
