Isimo Samanje Sobuchwepheshe Bomhlaba Wonke Be-Photovoltaic
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo kube yinto eza kuqala emhlabeni wonke ekubhekaneni nokuguquka kwamandla kanye nokulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Phakathi kobuchwepheshe obuvuselelekayo, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic (PV) kuye kwakhula ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuvela njengomthombo wamandla ohlanzekile, onekhabhoni ephansi, futhi oncintisanayo nezindleko emazweni amaningi. Ngo-2020 kuphela, umhlaba wengeze amandla amasha e-PV angu-127 GW, okwenza umthamo ofakiwe ube ngu-707 GW.
Amaseli elanga e-silicon acwebezelayo ayabusa, kanti ubuchwepheshe obusha buthola amandla.
Amaseli e-PV, ingxenye eyinhloko yemboni yelanga, ahlukaniswa ngezinto nezinqubo ngezinhlobo ezifana ne-crystalline silicon, i-thin-film, i-perovskite, namaseli e-organic. Amaseli e-crystalline silicon, aziwa ngokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwawo okuphezulu, ukutholakala kwezinto zokusetshenziswa eziningi, kanye nokuphepha kwemvelo, ahlala ewubuchwepheshe obuphambili ekukhiqizweni okukhulu.
Ukwamukelwa kabanzi kobuchwepheshe be-PERC (Passivated Emitter kanye neRear Cell) kukhuphule kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwamaseli e-silicon acwebezelayo eminyakeni yamuva nje. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuchwepheshe obusha obufana namaseli e-perovskite bube yisihloko socwaningo esishisayo emhlabeni jikelele. Lawa maseli afinyelela ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwelabhorethri okufana ne-silicon ecwebezelayo, futhi ngenkathi ukuthuthuka kwawo kwezimboni kuqhubeka, kusenezinselele zokukhula nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside.
Izinhlelo ze-PV ezithuthukisiwe kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene.
Izinhlelo ze-photovoltaic ziyathuthuka ngokunemba nangokukhula. Ukwamukelwa kwezinhlelo ze-1,500V manje kudlula izinga elidala le-1,000V, kuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwegridi nokuthembeka ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa ikhwalithi yokukhiqizwa kwamandla. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlanganisiwe ezifana ne-“PV + ezolimo,” “PV + aquaculture,” kanye ne-“PV + architecture” ziyanda. Izinto ezintsha ezifana nama-microgrid nama-smart grid zihlanganisa amandla e-PV nengqalasizinda kagesi yendabuko.
Amathrendi kubuchwepheshe be-Photovoltaic bomhlaba wonke
Amazwe emhlabeni wonke asheshisa ukusungula izinto ezintsha kulo lonke uchungechunge lwenani le-PV njengesinyathelo esibalulekile sokukhuthaza izimboni ezisafufusa. Imizamo igxile ekuthuthukiseni izinto zokwakha, ukukhiqiza, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuncintisana.
Izingxenye ze-core PV ziyathuthuka ziye ekusebenzeni kahle okuphezulu kanye nezindleko eziphansi.
Amaseli e-silicon acwebezelayo, anesistimu yezimboni ezinzile, azoqhubeka nokubusa ekukhiqizeni. Ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi esizayo kuzogxila ekusebenzeni kahle kokuguqulwa okuphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo namandla okuncishisiwe, kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi. Ubuchwepheshe obufana namaseli elanga e-perovskite namaseli elanga e-tandem bumelela umngcele olandelayo, ngokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu okuhloswe ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwedivayisi kanye nokuzinza. Uma izinkinga zokusetshenziswa okukhulu kanye nokuthembeka sezixazululiwe, amaseli e-perovskite kulindeleke ukuthi achaze kabusha isimo semakethe ye-PV.
Ukwandisa izimo zokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-PV.
Amazwe avumelanisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-PV nezimo zawo ezihlukile, ekhuthaza intuthuko efana ne-Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV), amapulazi elanga antantayo, ezolimo ezihlanganiswe ne-PV, kanye nezindawo zokupaka izimoto zelanga. Ucwaningo oluhlobene lugcizelela imikhiqizo ekhethekile, ubuchwepheshe bokulawula obuhlanganisiwe, kanye nokusebenzisana kokusebenza ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuguquguquka nokusebenza.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kobuchwepheshe Be-Photovoltaic BaseShayina
Ngesikhathi se-13th Five-Year Plan, ubuchwepheshe be-photovoltaic baseShayina buthuthuke kakhulu, buqhutshwa ukwanda okusheshayo kwemboni. Izingxenye ezibalulekile ezifana namaseli e-PV namamojula zifinyelele amakhono okukhiqiza ahamba phambili emhlabeni jikelele, kuyilapho imishini yokukhiqiza ithuthukela ekufinyeleleni endaweni ephelele. Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe obuhlakaniphile ezinhlelweni ze-PV kuye kwathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kakhulu.
Ubuchwepheshe be-PV cell kanye ne-module obusezingeni lomhlaba.
Ekupheleni koHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu lwe-13, iShayina yayisishintshe kusukela kumaseli e-polycrystalline aluminium-back endabuko yaya kumaseli e-PERC e-monocrystalline athuthukile. Ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamaseli e-silicon e-crystalline kukhuphuke kusuka ku-18.5% ekuqaleni kwale nkathi kuya ku-22.8%, okubonisa intuthuko eqhubekayo kubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza.
Ubuchwepheshe obusha njenge-TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact), i-HJT (Heterojunction), kanye ne-IBC (Interdigitated Back Contact) buya ngokuya bukhula ngezimboni, kanti amabhizinisi aseShayina abeka amarekhodi omhlaba ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza. Ngokufanayo, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe be-perovskite ivumele abacwaningi baseShayina ukuthi bafanise abaholi bomhlaba wonke kumarekhodi okusebenza kahle kwelabhorethri, ngentuthuko eqhubekayo eya ekuthengisweni.
Imishini yokukhiqiza esezingeni eliphezulu neyasendaweni.
Imishini yokukhiqiza ye-PV yaseShayina ishintshe kusukela ekukhiqizeni okuphansi kuya kokuphezulu. Ukwenza ngokwezifiso okuphezulu, ukuzenzakalela, kanye nokwenza idijithali kuguqula lo mkhakha ube yindawo enamandla yokukhiqiza ehlakaniphile. Izingxenye ezibalulekile njenge-polysilicon wafers, amaseli, namamojula manje sezikhiqizwa kakhulu ngobuchwepheshe basekhaya.
Izinhlelo ze-PV ezihlakaniphile nezisebenza kahle kakhulu.
Ubuchwepheshe obusha, okuhlanganisa izinhlelo zokulandelela kanye nemiklamo engu-1,500V, bandisa amandla okukhipha izinhlelo ze-PV. Amarobhothi ahlakaniphile, ama-drones, ukuhlaziywa kwedatha enkulu, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana obuthuthukisiwe kusetshenziswa kabanzi ekusebenzeni nasekugcinweni kwesistimu, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwayo.
Izitayela Zobuchwepheshe Be-Photovoltaic BaseShayina
Njengemakethe ye-PV enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, iShayina idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuliseni nasekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe obusha belanga. Siqhubekela phambili, leli lizwe lihlose ukuhola ukusungula izinto ezintsha emhlabeni jikelele kubuchwepheshe be-PV obuthuthukisiwe.
Ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kwamaseli e-PV.
Amaseli e-silicon acwebezelayo azoqhubeka nokubusa, kanti ubuchwepheshe be-PERC buyaqhubeka nokukhula. Amaseli e-silicon acwebezelayo ohlobo lwe-N, asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-TOPCon noma be-HJT, alungele ukuba yinketho elandelayo evamile uma ibhalansi yawo yokusebenzisa kahle izindleko isivuthiwe. Amaseli asebenza kahle njenge-perovskite namaseli e-tandem azoqhubekisela phambili impumelelo ekusebenzeni kahle njengoba ukuthuthuka kwezimboni kuqhubeka.
Amamojula athuthukisiwe anezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezimbili: ukusebenza kahle nokuthembeka.
Ubuchwepheshe obufana namamojula e-half-cell, shingled, kanye namamojula e-multi-busbar azosetshenziswa kabanzi. Amamojula e-bifacial, anikeza ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okuphezulu, kulindeleke ukuthi abe yinto evamile, asekelwa izinto ezintsha zokufaka kanye namasu athuthukisa ukuqina.
Izinhlelo ze-PV ezihlakaniphe kakhulu nezihlukahlukene.
Ama-inverter azothuthuka aye emandleni aphezulu, ukusebenza okuhlakaniphile, kanye nokuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo nesitoreji samandla. Ukusungula izinto ezintsha ku-BIPV nakwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha kuzovula amathuba engeziwe okuthuthukiswa kwe-PV, kwandise amandla ayo kuzo zonke izimo ezahlukahlukene.
