Imeko yangoku yeTekhnoloji ye-Photovoltaic yeHlabathi
Uphuhliso lwamandla avuselelekayo lube yinto ephambili kwihlabathi liphela ekusombululeni utshintsho lwamandla kunye nokulwa notshintsho lwemozulu. Phakathi kobuchwepheshe obuvuselelekayo, ukuveliswa kwamandla nge-photovoltaic (PV) kuye kwakhula ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuvela njengomthombo wamandla ococekileyo, ongenayo ikhabhoni ephantsi, kwaye okhuphisana ngeendleko kumazwe amaninzi. Ngowama-2020 kuphela, ihlabathi longeze i-127 GW yomthamo omtsha we-PV, nto leyo eyenza ukuba umthamo ofakiweyo ube yi-707 GW.
Iiseli zelanga ze-silicon ezikrelekrele ziyalawula, kwaye ubuchwepheshe obutsha bufumana amandla.
Iiseli ze-PV, eziyinxalenye ephambili kushishino lwelanga, zahlulwe ngokwezixhobo kunye neenkqubo zibe ziintlobo ezifana ne-crystalline silicon, i-thin-film, i-perovskite, kunye neeseli ze-organic. Iiseli ze-crystalline silicon, ezaziwa ngokusebenza kwazo okuphezulu kokuguqula, ukufumaneka kwezinto eziluhlaza ezininzi, kunye nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, zihlala ziyindlela ephambili yokuvelisa izinto ezinkulu.
Ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi kwetekhnoloji yePERC (Passivated Emitter kunye neRear Cell) kuye kwanyusa kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kweeseli ze-silicon zekristale kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Kwangaxeshanye, iiteknoloji ezintsha ezifana neeseli ze-perovskite ziye zaba ngumxholo oshushu wophando kwihlabathi liphela. Ezi seli zifikelela ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwelebhu okufana ne-silicon yekristale, kwaye ngelixa uphuhliso lwazo lwemizi-mveliso luqhubeka, imingeni isasele ekukhuleni nasekuqinisekiseni uzinzo lwexesha elide.
Iinkqubo ze-PV eziphuculweyo kunye nokusetyenziswa okuhlukeneyo.
Iinkqubo ze-photovoltaic ziqhubela phambili ngokuchanekileyo nangokukhula. Ukwamkelwa kweenkqubo ze-1,500V ngoku kudlula umgangatho omdala we-1,000V, kuphucula ukhuseleko lwegridi kunye nokuthembeka ngelixa kuphucula umgangatho wokuveliswa kwamandla. Izicelo ezidibeneyo ezifana ne-"PV + ezolimo," "PV + aquaculture," kunye ne-"PV + architecture" ziyanda ngokubanzi. Izinto ezintsha ezifana nee-microgrids kunye nee-smart grids zidibanisa ngakumbi amandla e-PV kunye neziseko zombane zemveli.
Iindlela zobuchwephesha be-Photovoltaic kwiHlabathi liphela
Amazwe kwihlabathi liphela akhawulezisa ubuchule kwikhonkco lexabiso le-PV njengenyathelo elicwangcisiweyo lokukhuthaza amashishini asakhasayo. Imizamo igxile ekuphuculeni izixhobo, imveliso, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokuphucula ukukhuphisana.
Izinto eziphambili ze-PV ziyaphucuka zijolise ekusebenzeni kakuhle okuphezulu nakwiindleko eziphantsi.
Iiseli ze-silicon zekristale, ezine-ecosystem yemizi-mveliso ezinzile, ziya kuqhubeka nokulawula imveliso. Uphuculo lwexesha elizayo luya kugxila ekusebenzeni kakuhle kokuguqulwa, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto kunye namandla okuncitshiswa, kunye neendleko eziphantsi zokuvelisa. Ubuchwepheshe obufana neeseli ze-perovskite kunye neeseli zelanga ezidibeneyo zimele umda olandelayo, kunye notyalo-mali olukhulu olujolise ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kwesixhobo kunye nokuzinza. Nje ukuba imiba yokusetyenziswa okukhulu kunye nokuthembeka isonjululwe, iiseli ze-perovskite kulindeleke ukuba zichaze ngokutsha imeko-bume yemarike ye-PV.
Ukwandisa iimeko zokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ye-PV.
Amazwe ahlengahlengisa usetyenziso lwe-PV kwiimeko zawo ezizodwa, ekhuthaza uphuhliso olufana neBuilding-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV), iifama zelanga ezintantayo, ezolimo ezidityaniswe ne-PV, kunye neendawo zokubeka iimoto zelanga. Uphando olunxulumene noko lugxininisa kwiimveliso ezikhethekileyo, ubuchwepheshe bolawulo oludibeneyo, kunye nokusebenzisana kokusebenza ukuphucula ukuguquguquka nokusebenza.
Uphuhliso lweTekhnoloji yePhotovoltaic yaseTshayina
Ngexesha leSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu se-13, ubuchwepheshe be-photovoltaic baseTshayina buqhubele phambili kakhulu, buqhutywa kukwanda ngokukhawuleza kweshishini. Izinto eziphambili ezifana neeseli ze-PV kunye neemodyuli zifikelele kubuchule bokuvelisa obuphambili kwihlabathi liphela, ngelixa izixhobo zokuvelisa ziqhubele phambili ukuya kwindawo yazo epheleleyo. Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe obukrelekrele kwiinkqubo ze-PV kuye kwaphucula ukusebenza ngakumbi.
Ubuchwepheshe beeseli zePV kunye neemodyuli ezikumgangatho wehlabathi.
Ekupheleni kweSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu se-13, iTshayina yayisele itshintshe ukusuka kwiiseli ze-polycrystalline aluminium-back zemveli ukuya kwiiseli ze-monocrystalline PERC eziphambili. Ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kokuguqulwa kweeseli ze-crystalline silicon kwanda ukusuka kwi-18.5% ekuqaleni kwexesha ukuya kwi-22.8%, nto leyo ebonisa ukuhambela phambili kubuchwepheshe bemveliso.
Iitekhnoloji ezintsha ezifana ne-TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact), i-HJT (Heterojunction), kunye ne-IBC (Interdigitated Back Contact) ziya zikhula ngakumbi kwezoshishino, kunye namashishini aseTshayina abeka iirekhodi zehlabathi ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso. Ngokufanayo, ukuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji ye-perovskite kuye kwavumela abaphandi baseTshayina ukuba bafanise iinkokeli zehlabathi kwiirekhodi zokusebenza kwelebhu, kunye nenkqubela eqhubekayo eya kurhwebo.
Izixhobo zokwenza imveliso ezikwindawo ethile neziphucukileyo.
Izixhobo zokuvelisa ze-PV zaseTshayina zitshintshile ukusuka kwimveliso ephantsi ukuya kwimveliso ephezulu. Ukwenziwa ngokwezifiso okuphezulu, ukuzenzekela, kunye nokuguqulwa kwedijithali kuguqula eli candelo libe yindawo enamandla yokuvelisa ekrelekrele. Izinto eziphambili ezifana nee-wafers ze-polysilicon, iiseli, kunye neemodyuli ngoku ziveliswa kakhulu ngobuchwepheshe basekhaya.
Iinkqubo ze-PV ezikrelekrele nezisebenza kakuhle.
Ubuchwepheshe obutsha, kuquka iinkqubo zokulandelela kunye noyilo lwe-1,500V, buyandisa amandla okukhupha iinkqubo ze-PV. Iirobhothi ezikrelekrele, iidrone, uhlalutyo lwedatha enkulu, kunye nobuchwepheshe bonxibelelwano obuphambili zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekusebenzeni nasekugcinweni kwenkqubo, nto leyo ephucula ngakumbi ukusebenza.
Iindlela Ezisetyenziswayo KwiTekhnoloji Ye-Photovoltaic YaseTshayina
Njengemakethi enkulu ye-PV ehlabathini, iTshayina idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuliseni nasekusebenziseni iteknoloji entsha yelanga. Ngokuqhubekela phambili, eli lizwe lijolise ekukhokheleni uphuhliso lwehlabathi kubuchwepheshe be-PV obuphucukileyo.
Ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu kweeseli ze-PV.
Iiseli ze-silicon ezikristale ziya kuhlala zilawula, kunye netekhnoloji ye-PERC eqhubeka nokukhula. Iiseli ze-silicon ezikristale zohlobo lwe-N, ezisebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-TOPCon okanye ye-HJT, zikulungele ukuba lukhetho olulandelayo oluphambili xa ibhalansi yazo yokusebenzisa kakuhle iindleko ikhula. Iiseli ezisebenzayo eziphezulu ezifana nee-perovskite kunye neeseli ze-tandem ziya kuqhuba inkqubela phambili ekusebenzeni kakuhle njengoko uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso luqhubeka.
Iimodyuli eziphuculweyo ezineembaluleka ezimbini: ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuthembeka.
Iitekhnoloji ezifana neemodyuli ze-half-cell, shingled, kunye nee-multi-busbar ziya kwamkelwa ngokubanzi. Iimodyuli ze-bifacial, ezibonelela ngokuvelisa umbane ophezulu, kulindeleke ukuba zibe zezona ziphambili, zixhaswa zizixhobo ezintsha zokufaka kunye neendlela eziphucula ukuqina.
Iinkqubo ze-PV ezikrelekrele ngakumbi nezihlukeneyo.
Ii-inverters ziya kuguqukela kumandla aphezulu, imisebenzi ekrelekrele, kunye nokuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla. Utshintsho kwi-BIPV kunye nezinye izicelo ezintsha luya kuvula amathuba ongezelelweyo ophuhliso lwe-PV, luphucule amandla ayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.
