Mamiriro Azvino Etekinoroji Yepasi Pose Yekugadzira Photovoltaic
Kuvandudzwa kwesimba rinogona kushandiswazve kwave chinhu chakakosha pasi rose mukugadzirisa shanduko yesimba uye kurwisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Pakati pematekinoroji anogona kushandiswazve, kugadzirwa kwesimba remagetsi rinoshandisa chiedza chezuva (photovoltaic (PV)) kwave nekukura nekukurumidza mumakore achangopfuura, kuchibuda sesimba rakachena, risina kabhoni yakawanda, uye rinokwikwidzana nemari munyika dzakawanda. Muna 2020 chete, nyika yakawedzera 127 GW yesimba idzva remagetsi ePV, zvichiita kuti simba rese rakaiswa risvike pa707 GW.
Masero ezuva e silicon akagadzirwa ne crystalline ndiwo anotonga, matekinoroji matsva achiramba achikura.
Masero ePV, chikamu chikuru cheindasitiri yezuva, anorongwa nezvinhu uye maitiro mumhando dzakadai secrystalline silicon, thin-film, perovskite, uye organic cells. Masero ecrystalline silicon, anozivikanwa nekushanda kwawo zvakanyanya, kuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvakabikwa zvakawanda, uye kuchengetedzeka kwezvakatipoteredza, anoramba ari tekinoroji huru mukugadzirwa kukuru.
Kushandiswa kwakapararira kwetekinoroji yePERC (Passivated Emitter neRear Cell) kwakasimudzira zvakanyanya kushanda zvakanaka kwemasero esilicon akagadzirwa nekristaro mumakore achangopfuura. Panguva imwe chete, matekinoroji matsva akadai semasero eperovskite ave nyaya inonyanya kufarirwa pasi rose. Masero aya ari kuwana mashandiro ekushandura marabhoritari akafanana nesilicon akagadzirwa nekristaro, uye nepo indasitiri yawo iri kufambira mberi, matambudziko achiripo mukuwedzera nekuona kugadzikana kwenguva refu.
Masisitimu ePV akavandudzwa uye mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana.
Masisitimu emagetsi ezuva nezuva ari kufambira mberi mukuita nemazvo uye nekukwanisa kukura. Kushandiswa kwemasisitimu emagetsi e1,500V ikozvino kunopfuura mwero wekare we1,000V, zvichivandudza kuchengetedzeka kwegrid uye kuvimbika ukuwo zvichivandudza mhando yekugadzira magetsi. Mashandisirwo akabatanidzwa akadai se "PV + kurima," "PV + aquaculture," uye "PV + architecture" ari kuwedzera kukura. Zvitsva zvakaita se microgrids uye smart grids zviri kuwedzera kubatanidza simba remagetsi ezuva nezuva nezvivakwa zvemagetsi zvechinyakare.
Mafambiro muTekinoroji yePhotovoltaic Yepasi Pose
Nyika pasi rose dziri kukurumidza kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva muchikamu chePV senzira yekukurudzira maindasitiri ari kusimukira. Kuedza kuri kutarisisa kusimudzira zvinhu, kugadzira, uye mashandisirwo ehurongwa kuderedza mitengo nekusimudzira kukwikwidzana.
Zvikamu zvepakati pePV zviri kushanduka zvichienda pakushanda zvakanaka uye pamitengo yakaderera.
Masero e silicon e crystalline, ane ecosystem yeindasitiri yakasimbiswa zvakanaka, acharamba achitonga kugadzirwa. Kuvandudzwa mune ramangwana kuchatarisa pakushanda kwepamusoro kwekushandura, kuderedzwa kwekushandiswa kwezvinhu nesimba, uye kudzikira kwemitengo yekugadzira. Tekinoroji dzakadai se perovskite ne tandem solar cells dzinomiririra muganhu unotevera, nekudyara mari yakawanda kwakanangana nekuvandudza mashandiro emidziyo uye kugadzikana. Kana nyaya dzekushandisa kukuru uye kuvimbika dzagadziriswa, masero e perovskite anotarisirwa kutsanangura patsva mamiriro emusika wePV.
Kuwedzera mamiriro ekushandiswa kwetekinoroji yePV.
Nyika dziri kugadzirisa mashandisirwo ePV kuti aenderane nemamiriro adzo akasiyana, dzichikurudzira budiriro dzakadai seBuilding-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV), mapurazi ezuva anoyangarara, kurima kwakabatanidzwa nePV, uye nzvimbo dzemotokari dzinoshandiswa nesolar. Tsvagiridzo dzakabatana dzinosimbisa zvigadzirwa zvehunyanzvi, matekinoroji ekudzora akabatanidzwa, uye mashandiro ekubatana kuti zviwedzere kushanduka-shanduka uye kushanda zvakanaka.
Kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yePhotovoltaic yeChina
Munguva yechirongwa chemakore mashanu chegumi nematatu, tekinoroji yemagetsi ezuva nezuva yeChina yakafambira mberi zvakanyanya, zvichikonzerwa nekukura kweindasitiri nekukurumidza. Zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita semaPV cells nemamodules zvakawana kugona kukuru kwekugadzira pasi rose, ukuwo michina yekugadzira yakafambira mberi kusvika pakuwanikwa kwakazara. Kubatanidzwa kwetekinoroji dzakangwara muma PV systems kwakaita kuti mashandiro awedzere kunaka.
Tekinoroji dzePV cell nemodule dzepamusoro-soro pasi rose.
Pakupera kwechirongwa chemakore mashanu chegumi nematatu, China yakanga yachinja kubva kumasero ekare epolycrystalline aruminiyamu-back kuenda kumasero epamusoro emonocrystalline PERC. Avhareji yekushanda kwemasero ecrystalline silicon yakawedzera kubva pa18.5% pakutanga kwenguva iyi kusvika pa22.8%, zvichiratidza kuenderera mberi kwetekinoroji yekugadzira.
Matekinoroji ari kusimukira akadai seTOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact), HJT (Heterojunction), uye IBC (Interdigitated Back Contact) ari kuramba achikura, makambani ekuChina achigara achinyora marekodhi epasi rose ekubudirira kwekugadzira. Saizvozvowo, kufambira mberi mutekinoroji yeperovskite kwakabvumira vaongorori vekuChina kuenzanisa vatungamiriri vepasi rose muzvinyorwa zvekushanda kwemarabhoritari, nekufambira mberi kuri kuenderera mberi mukutengeserana.
Midziyo yekugadzira yakagadzirwa munzvimbo iyoyo uye yepamusoro.
Midziyo yekugadzira yePV yekuChina yachinja kubva pakugadzira zvinhu zvemhando yepamusoro kuenda kune zvemhando yepamusoro. Kugadzirisa zvinhu zvakanyanya, otomatiki, uye kushandura zvinhu zvedhijitari zviri kushandura chikamu ichi kuita nzvimbo ine simba rekugadzira zvinhu zvine hungwaru. Zvikamu zvikuru zvakaita semawafers epolysilicon, masero, uye mamodules ikozvino zvave kugadzirwa zvakanyanya netekinoroji yemuno.
Masisitimu ePV akangwara uye anoshanda zviri nani.
Matekinoroji matsva, anosanganisira masisitimu ekutevera uye magadzirirwo e1,500V, ari kuwedzera simba rinobuda mumasisitimu ePV. Marobhoti akangwara, madrone, big data analytics, uye matekinoroji ekukurukurirana epamusoro anoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakushanda nekugadzirisa masisitimu, zvichiwedzera kushanda zvakanaka.
Mafambiro muTekinoroji yePhotovoltaic yeChina
Semusika mukuru wePV pasi rose, China ine basa guru mukusimudzira nekushandisa matekinoroji matsva ezuva. Nekufamba kwenguva, nyika iyi ine chinangwa chekutungamira hunyanzvi hwepasi rose mumatekinoroji ePV ane maindasitiri.
Kushanda zvakanaka kwemasero ePV.
Masero esilicon anoramba ari pamusoro, netekinoroji yePERC ichiramba ichichinja. Masero esilicon akagadzirwa nesimbi emhando yeN, achishandisa tekinoroji yeTOPCon kana HJT, agadzirira kuva sarudzo inotevera kana mari yavo yekushandisa yakura. Masero anoshanda zvakanyanya seperovskite nemasero esimbi achaita kuti indasitiri ibudirire zvakanyanya sezvo kufambira mberi kweindasitiri kuchifambira mberi.
Mamodule akavandudzwa ane zvinhu zviviri zvinokosha: kushanda zvakanaka uye kuvimbika.
Matekinoroji akaita semamodule ehafu-cell, shingled, uye multi-busbar achashandiswa zvakanyanya. Mamodule maviri, anopa simba rakawanda rekugadzira, anotarisirwa kuva makuru, achitsigirwa nezvinhu zvitsva zvekuvhara uye matekiniki anovandudza kugara kwenguva refu.
Masisitimu ePV akangwara uye akasiyana-siyana.
MaInverters achashanduka achienda kusimba rakakwirira, mashandiro ehungwaru, uye kubatanidzwa zvakanaka nekuchengetedza simba. Kuvandudzwa muBIPV nemamwe maapplication matsva kuchavhura mikana yekuwedzera PV, zvichiwedzera kugona kwayo mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana.
