Ikoranabuhanga rya Photovoltaic ku Isi Rihagaze Ubu
Iterambere ry'ingufu zisubira ryabaye ingenzi ku isi yose mu guhangana n'impinduka mu ngufu no kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere. Mu ikoranabuhanga risubiramo, ingufu zikomoka kuri photovoltaic (PV) zagize iterambere ryihuse mu myaka ya vuba aha, zikaba isoko y'ingufu zisukuye, zikoresha karubone nke, kandi zihenda cyane mu bihugu byinshi. Mu 2020 gusa, isi yongereyeho 127 GW z'ubushobozi bushya bwa PV, bituma ubushobozi bwose bwashyizweho bugera kuri 707 GW.
Uturemangingo tw’izuba twa silikoni dukoresha kristalo nitwo twiganje, ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rigenda rirushaho gukomera.
Uturemangingo twa PV, igice cy’ingenzi cy’inganda zikora imirasire y’izuba, dushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe ibikoresho n’imikorere mu bwoko nka siliconi ikoze mu buryo bwa crystalline, thin-film, perovskite, na organic cells. Uturemangingo twa siliconi dukozwe mu buryo bwa crystalline, tuzwiho gukoresha neza ikoranabuhanga ryazo mu guhindura ibintu, kuboneka cyane mu bikoresho fatizo, no kurengera ibidukikije, turacyari ikoranabuhanga rikuru mu gukora ibintu byinshi.
Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya PERC (Passivated Emitter na Rear Cell) byazamuye cyane imikorere y’uturemangingo twa silikoni twa kristalo mu myaka ya vuba aha. Muri icyo gihe, ikoranabuhanga rishya nka uturemangingo twa perovskite ryabaye ingingo ikomeye y’ubushakashatsi ku isi yose. Utu turemangingo turimo kugera ku mikorere myiza ya laboratwari nka silikoni ya kristalo, kandi nubwo inganda zatwo zirimo gutera imbere, haracyari imbogamizi mu kwagura no kwemeza ko duhora duhagaze neza.
Sisitemu za PV zinoze hamwe n'ikoreshwa ritandukanye.
Sisitemu za photovoltaic ziri gutera imbere mu buryo bunoze no mu buryo bwo kwaguka. Ikoreshwa rya sisitemu za 1,500V ubu rirenze urugero rwa kera rwa 1,000V, binongera umutekano w’urukuta rw’amashanyarazi no kwizerwa mu gihe binongera ireme ry’ingufu. Porogaramu zihuriweho nka "PV + ubuhinzi," "PV + ubworozi bw’amafi," na "PV + ubwubatsi" ziri kwaguka mu buryo bwagutse. Udushya nka microgrids na smart grids turimo guhuza ingufu za PV n’ibikorwa remezo by’amashanyarazi bisanzwe.
Impinduka mu ikoranabuhanga rya photovoltaic ku isi
Ibihugu byo ku isi biri kwihutisha udushya mu ruhererekane rw’agaciro rwa PV nk'ingamba zo guteza imbere inganda zikiri kuzamuka. Imbaraga zibanda ku guteza imbere ibikoresho, inganda, n'ikoreshwa rya sisitemu kugira ngo bigabanye ibiciro kandi birusheho kunoza ipiganwa.
Ibice by'ingenzi bya PV biri kugenda bihinduka mu buryo bwiza kandi bigatanga umusaruro muke.
Uturemangingo twa silikoni twa kristu, dufite imiterere y’inganda ihamye, tuzakomeza kwibanda ku musaruro. Iterambere ry’ejo hazaza rizibanda ku gukoresha neza ibikoresho n’ingufu, kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho n’ingufu, no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gukora. Ikoranabuhanga nka perovskite na tandem solar cells ni byo bizadufasha mu iterambere rikurikiyeho, hamwe n’ishoramari rinini rigamije kunoza imikorere n’ubudahangarwa bw’ibikoresho. Ibibazo binini byo gukoresha no kwizerwa bimaze gukemurwa, uturemangingo twa perovskite twitezweho kuvugurura imiterere y’isoko rya PV.
Kwagura uburyo bwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya PV.
Ibihugu birimo guhindura ikoreshwa rya PV kugira ngo bihuze n'imimerere yabyo yihariye, biteza imbere iterambere nka Bwongera Ubushyuhe bw'Izuba (BIPV), Ubuhinzi bushingiye ku mirasire y'izuba, Ubuhinzi bushingiye ku mirasire y'izuba, n'aho imodoka zikoresha imirasire y'izuba zihagarara. Ubushakashatsi bujyanye n'ibyo bushimangira ibicuruzwa byihariye, ikoranabuhanga rihuriweho ryo kugenzura, n'imikoranire mu mikorere kugira ngo hongerwe imikorere n'ubushobozi.
Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga rya photovoltaic mu Bushinwa
Mu gihe cya gahunda y’imyaka itanu ya 13, ikoranabuhanga ry’ubushyuhe bw’amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa ryateye imbere cyane, bitewe n’inganda zaguwe vuba. Ibice by’ingenzi nka selile za PV na modules byageze ku bushobozi bwo gukora ibintu buruta ubundi bwose ku isi, mu gihe ibikoresho byo mu nganda byageze ku rwego rwo hejuru. Guhuza ikoranabuhanga ry’ubwenge muri sisitemu za PV byatumye imikorere irushaho kuba myiza.
Ikoranabuhanga rya PV cell na module byo ku rwego rw'isi.
Mu mpera z'Igenamigambi rya 13 ry'Imyaka Itanu, Ubushinwa bwari bwaravuye ku turemangingo twa kera twa aluminiyumu tugizwe na polycrystalline tujya ku turemangingo twa PERC dufite crystalline. Impuzandengo y'ubushobozi bwo guhindura uturemangingo twa silicon twiyongereye kuva kuri 18.5% mu ntangiriro z'icyo gihe kugera kuri 22.8%, bigaragaza intambwe ishimishije mu ikoranabuhanga mu gukora.
Ikoranabuhanga riri kuzamuka nka TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact), HJT (Heterojunction), na IBC (Interdigitated Back Contact) riri kugenda rirushaho gutera imbere mu nganda, aho ibigo by’Abashinwa bikomeje gushyiraho agahigo ku isi mu gukora neza. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga rya perovskite ryatumye abashakashatsi b’Abashinwa bahuza abayobozi ku isi mu nyandiko zigaragaza imikorere ya laboratwari, hamwe n’iterambere rikomeje mu bucuruzi.
Ibikoresho byo mu nganda bikorerwa mu gace runaka kandi bigezweho.
Ibikoresho byo mu Bushinwa bitunganya ibikoresho bya PV byahindutse kuva ku gukora ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hasi bijya ku gukora ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru. Guhindura imiterere y’ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, ikoranabuhanga, no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga birimo guhindura uru rwego rukaba ikigo gikomeye mu gukora ibikoresho by’ubwenge. Ibice by'ingenzi nka polysilicon wafers, cells, na modules ubu bikorerwa ahanini hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga ryo mu gihugu.
Sisitemu za PV zigezweho kandi zikora neza kurushaho.
Ikoranabuhanga rishya, ririmo sisitemu zo gukurikirana ibintu n'imiterere ya 1.500V, ririmo kongera ingufu za sisitemu za PV. Roboti zifite ubwenge, indege zitagira abapilote, isesengura ry'amakuru menshi, n'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu itumanaho bikoreshwa cyane mu mikorere no kubungabunga sisitemu, birushaho kunoza imikorere.
Iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga rya photovoltaic mu Bushinwa
Nk’isoko rinini cyane ku isi rya PV, Ubushinwa bufite uruhare runini mu gutera no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rishya ry’izuba. Mu gihe kiri imbere, igihugu kigamije kuyobora udushya ku isi mu ikoranabuhanga rya PV rigezweho.
Ingufu nyinshi ku turemangingo twa PV.
Uturemangingo twa silikoni dukoresha kristalo tuzakomeza kuba ingenzi, ikoranabuhanga rya PERC rigakomeza gutera imbere. Uturemangingo twa silikoni dukoresha kristalo yo mu bwoko bwa N, dukoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya TOPCon cyangwa HJT, twiteguye kuba amahitamo akurikiraho igihe igiciro cyatwo cyo gukoresha neza kimaze gukura. Uturemangingo dufite imikorere myiza nka perovskite na tandem cells tuzakomeza gutera imbere mu mikorere myiza uko inganda zigenda zitera imbere.
Moduli zongerewemo imbaraga zifite ibintu bibiri by'ingenzi: imikorere myiza n'ubwizerwe.
Ikoranabuhanga nka modules za half-cell, shingled, na multi-busbar zizakoreshwa cyane. Modules ebyiri, zitanga ingufu nyinshi, byitezwe ko zizakoreshwa cyane, zishyigikiwe n'ibikoresho bishya byo gufunga hamwe n'ubuhanga butuma biramba.
Sisitemu za PV ziteye ubwuzu kandi zitandukanye.
Inverters zizatera imbere zigana ku bushobozi bwo hejuru bw'ingufu, imikorere y'ubwenge, no guhuza neza no kubika ingufu. Udushya muri BIPV n'izindi porogaramu nshya bizafungura andi mahirwe yo guteza imbere PV, birusheho kongera ubushobozi bwayo mu bihe bitandukanye.
