Ubu, mu nganda z'ingufu, uburyo bwo kubika ingufu ni bwo bukunzwe cyane.
Intara zirenga cumi n'ebyiri, zirimo Shandong, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Anhui na Tibet, zasohoye inyandiko zisaba inganda zikoresha ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba n'umuyaga kugira uburyo bwo kubika ingufu.
Nubwo inganda z’ingufu zimaze igihe kinini zemera ko “Kubika ingufu ari igisubizo cyiza ku mirasire y’izuba, umuyaga n’ihindagurika ry’ikirere, kugira ngo biteze imbere ikoreshwa ry’ingufu no kugabanya igabanuka ry’ibiciro.” Igabanuka rikomeye ry’ibiciro rituma iyi nyungu igaragara cyane, ariko kubera ikoranabuhanga ryayo n’ibiciro byayo byatumye “icibwa intege.” Uyu munsi, itoranywa ryemewe rituma ububiko bw’ingufu buterwa ishema.
Ariko niba ububiko bw'ingufu bugomba kurangiza ihinduka rikomeye kuva kuri "Icing on the cake" kugera kuri "Gukenewe gusa n'isoko", ntabwo bizakenera gusa inkunga isobanutse kandi ikomeye ya politiki, ahubwo twagombye guteza imbere iterambere ry'inganda zibika ibikoresho binyuze mu ikoranabuhanga no guhanga udushya mu bicuruzwa? Wabivanga neza ute? Ni izihe mbogamizi zo guhuza ibintu? Ibi byose bigomba gukemurwa.
1. Ni ibihe bintu bisanzwe bigenda muri sisitemu?
Muri iki gihe, hari gahunda nyinshi ku isoko.
Gahunda yo guhuza uruhande rwa Ac ivuga uburyo bwo kubika ingufu za fotovoltaic n'izikoreshwa mu guhuza uruhande rwa AC, uburyo bwo kubika ingufu bushobora guhuzwa n'uruhande rufite voltage nkeya, bushobora kandi guhuzwa na bisi ya 10 kV～35 kV. Gahunda ikwiriye ikigo kinini cy'amashanyarazi gikoresha optique, imiterere ya sisitemu yo kubika ingufu, imicungire yoroshye yo gukora no kohereza amashanyarazi kuri grid.
Gahunda yo guhuza imirasire y'izuba yerekeza ku buryo bwo kubika ingufu buhujwe n'uruhande rwa DC, guhindura ingufu hagati y'uburyo bubiri, guhuza ingufu nke, gutakaza ingufu nke, ishoramari rike mu bikoresho. Muri iki gihe, inverter y'izuba igomba kubika uburyo bwo kubika ingufu.
2. Ni gute wagera ku guhuza 1 + 1 > 2?
Hariho ibisubizo byo guhuza, ariko guhuza kugira ngo bigere ku ngaruka za 1 + 1 > 2, ariko ntibyoroshye.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo guhuza amashanyarazi rirushaho kuba rigoye. Sisitemu yo guhuza amashanyarazi igomba kwemeza ko amashanyarazi aturuka kuri photovoltaic, ububiko bw'ingufu n'amashanyarazi bikomeza gukora neza, no guca inzitizi ziri hagati y'ibikoresho, porogaramu na sisitemu.
Hari ibikoresho byinshi muri sisitemu yo guhuza ububiko bw'amajwi, bigomba gukemura ikibazo cyo guhuza imikorere hagati y'ibikoresho na porogaramu. Ibikoresho akenshi biva mu nganda zitandukanye, imiterere y'inganda zitanga ingufu, kugura ibikoresho, imikorere, kubungabunga ingorane n'ibiciro biziyongera, kandi ikiruta byose, imikoranire hagati y'ibikoresho bitandukanye iratandukanye, abahuza bagomba kuba bazi neza protocole na interfaces zitandukanye.
Kubwibyo, guhuza ububiko bw'amatara si uruvange rworoshye rw'ibikoresho byo mu kirere n'ibikoresho byo kubika ingufu, ahubwo ni ukwishingikiriza ku ikoranabuhanga ryo guhuza imiterere y'amashanyarazi kugira ngo ugere ku ngaruka za 1 + 1 > 2. Ibi bigerageza cyane imbaraga zo guhuza za Integrator.
3. Ihungabana ryo guhuza inganda ryagaragaye kubera ipiganwa rihendutse
Guhuza sisitemu ni ingenzi mu kubaka sitasiyo y'amashanyarazi ikoresha urumuri, ariko hari imbogamizi nyinshi mu bijyanye no guhuza imbere mu gihugu.
Ku ruhande rumwe, nta bigo byinshi bifite ubushobozi bwo kubika ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi. Byaba ari ikoranabuhanga cyangwa ubucuruzi, kubika ingufu mu gihugu cyacu biracyari mu ntangiriro z’iterambere ry’inganda. Ibigo byinshi bikomeye mu nzego zitandukanye nko gukoresha imirasire y’izuba, bateri zo kubika ingufu, PCS, EMS, nibindi, ariko ni bike cyane bifite uburyo bwo kubika ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi by’amashanyarazi.
Ku rundi ruhande, ibiciro by’ingufu ku giciro gito byarushijeho gukomera, ibigo bibangamiwe n’ibiciro biri hasi. Kuri ubu, igiciro cy’ibiciro byo kubika ingufu cyagabanutse kiva kuri 2.15 yuan/Wh (igiciro cya EPC) kigera kuri 1.699 yuan/Wh (igiciro cya EPC) ku ruhande rw’ingufu nshya mu gihugu, iki giciro cyari munsi cyane y’igiciro cyemewe n’inganda.
Ibintu bitandukanye bifite ibisabwa bitandukanye kuri sisitemu zo kubika ingufu, kandi nta gipimo kimwe gihuriweho ku miterere n'ikiguzi cya sisitemu zo kubika ingufu, bishobora guhinduka ahantu hatagaragara neza.
“Ubu amasosiyete arimo gupiganirwa bateri, kandi igipimo ni amagare 6.000. Inganda ntizifite igipimo rusange cy’isuzuma. Bamwe mu bakora bapiganira imishinga ifite bateri zifite igihe cyo kuzenguruka kiri munsi y’amagare 3.000 ku giciro gito. Birumvikana ko tudashobora guhangana nabo mu bijyanye n’igiciro,” ibi byavuzwe n’umukozi mukuru ushinzwe kubika ingufu.
“Birumvikana ko ikintu cy’ingenzi cyane mu guhuza sisitemu yo kubika ingufu ari imicungire y’umutekano w’uruhande rwa DC, ni ukuvuga imicungire y’umutekano wa sisitemu ya bateri, isaba igishushanyo cyuzuye cyo kurinda sisitemu,” nk’uko isoko yakomeje abitangaza. Seli, module, itsinda rya bateri, imicungire ya sisitemu ya bateri, inzego enye zirahujwe, imiterere myiza yo kurinda sisitemu, ishobora kumenya uko ikora mu gihe nyacyo, ishobora kuburira hakiri kare, niba habayeho ikosa, ishobora no kurinda intambwe ku yindi no kurinda vuba uburyo bwo guhuza.
Bitabaye ibyo, gucika intege guto bishobora guhinduka ibibazo bikomeye byoroshye. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, impanuka z'inkongi zirenga 30 zabaye muri Koreya y'Epfo, impamvu nyinshi ni inenge mu miterere y'amashanyarazi, uburyo bwo kurinda buterwa no gucika intege.
Ikizamini ntikirangirira aho, hari ibibazo by’ubuzima bwa batiri, hagomba kubaho igishushanyo mbonera cy’uburyo bwo kugenzura ubushyuhe bw’ingufu. Gupima ubushyuhe mu buryo buhamye no kugenzura igerageza, igishushanyo mbonera cy’imiyoboro y’umwuka mu bikoresho byo kubikamo ingufu, imiterere y’ingufu zikonjesha n’ibindi, izi sano ntizigenzurwa neza kandi zakozwe, byoroshye gutuma bateri za lithium zihindagurika mu gikoresho, bikongera ubushyuhe bw’uturemangingo.
Umwanditsi yahuye n'uburyo bwo kubika ingufu bwa 4H, ubwo itandukaniro ry'ubushyuhe bw'akaremangingo ryageraga kuri 22°C, ntabwo ryagize ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima bwa bateri gusa, ahubwo rinatuma ibyago byo gukora k'uruganda rw'amashanyarazi rubika ingufu birushaho kwiyongera.
4. Ni gute uburyo bwo kubika ingufu bushobora gucungwa neza?
Kuva ku guhitamo gahunda kugeza ku guhuza sisitemu, imikorere myiza n'inyungu nziza za sisitemu yose yo kubika ingufu bifitanye isano rya hafi n'imikorere n'imicungire ya sisitemu yose.
Ugereranyije n'uburyo busanzwe bwo kohereza ingufu mu buryo bw'ubukungu, imicungire myiza ya bateri na converters mu ruganda rw'amashanyarazi igomba kwitabwaho byuzuye igihe sisitemu yo gukora ingufu z'amashanyarazi mu bubiko bw'amatara irimo koherezwa, muri ubwo buryo, umutekano n'ubukungu by'uruganda rwose bishobora kunozwa.
Aha niho akamaro ka EMS (Sisitemu yo gucunga ingufu-RRB-, ubwonko bw'ubwenge bw'uruganda rwo kubika amatara, kagaragara. Ni gute kubika ingufu bikora hamwe na sisitemu za photovoltaic na grids z'amashanyarazi? Bateri ubwayo igomba kwishyuza angahe, uburyo bwo kwishyuza, uburyo bwo kurinda umutekano? Ibi byose bisaba EMS y'ubwenge kandi ikora neza mu gucunga neza.
Dufashe urugero rwo gutunganya neza sisitemu ya photovoltaic, sisitemu yo kubika ingufu ishobora gushingira ku kugenzura neza umusaruro wa photovoltaic wo gutanga ingufu za photovoltaic, gushyiraho parametre y'ubuso, EMS ifata parametre y'ubuso nk'intego yo kugenzura, charge yihuta no kugenzura isohoka ry'amashanyarazi bishyirwa kuri sisitemu yo kubika ingufu, ku buryo imbaraga zisohoka za sisitemu yo gutanga ingufu ziba ziri mu rugero rw'umuvuduko w'impinduka.
Muri iki gihe, uburyo bugezweho mu nganda ni uko EMS ikoresha ubwenge ishingiye ku guhanura ingufu za photovoltaic no kubika ingufu za milisegonda kugira ngo igenzure neza sisitemu za photovoltaic, igabanye ingaruka ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi, irusheho kugira umutekano n'ubwizerwe mu miyoboro y'amashanyarazi. Muri icyo gihe, hubatswe uburyo bwo guhuza bwa milisegonda hagati ya BMS, PCS na EMS kugira ngo burinde bateri na sisitemu yose.
Byongeye kandi, EMS y’ubwenge buhanitse ishobora no kugera ku buyobozi bw’ikoranabuhanga bukoresha ingufu nyinshi, butanga amakuru arambuye ku bijyanye n’umusatsi, kohereza no gukwirakwiza, hamwe n’ahantu hose.
