Kwayoyin photovoltaic sun fuskanci ƙarni uku na ci gaban fasaha:
Tsarin Farko: Fasahar Silicon ta Crystalline
Wannan ya dogara ne akan silicon a matsayin babban kayan aiki, wanda ke da fasahohi kamar BSF, PERC, TOPCon, HJT, da IBC.
Tsarin Na Biyu: Fasahar Fina-Finan Thin-Film
Suna wakilta ta hanyar kayan aiki kamar Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS), Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), da Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), ƙwayoyin siririn fim sun sha wahala wajen yin gogayya da silicon mai lu'ulu'u saboda ƙarancin inganci da tsada mai yawa (sama da dala biliyan 2 a kowace GW na jari). A halin yanzu, kason kasuwarsu bai kai kashi 5% ba.
Tsarin Halitta na Uku: Kwayoyin Rana na Perovskite da Organic
Wannan ƙarni, wanda ƙwayoyin hasken rana na perovskite suka mamaye, ya ga ci gaba cikin sauri a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wata fasaha mai ban sha'awa wadda za ta iya zarce ƙwayoyin silicon na kristal a matsayin ci gaba na gaba a cikin hasken photovoltaics.
Ci gaba a Ingancin Canza Tantanin Halittar Photovoltaic
Idan aka kwatanta da silicon mai lu'ulu'u, ƙwayoyin perovskite suna ba da ingantaccen nazari da ƙarancin farashin samarwa. Kwayoyin perovskite masu lu'ulu'u ɗaya da tandem suna da ingancin nazari na kashi 33% da 45%, bi da bi, suna zarce rufin silicon mai lu'ulu'u. A fannin tattalin arziki, ana hasashen farashin dogon lokaci na kayan aikin perovskite masu lu'ulu'u ɗaya a 0.5-0.6 RMB/W, ƙasa da silicon mai lu'ulu'u, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama wurin da za a mayar da hankali kan ci gaban photovoltaic nan gaba.
Duk da cewa ƙwayoyin perovskite suna nan a farkon matakan masana'antu, kamfanonin silicon na kristal da na rashin tsari suna saka hannun jari a wannan fanni. Har ila yau, hanyoyi daban-daban na jari sun shigo kasuwa, wanda hakan ya haifar da sha'awar jama'a da kuma hanzarta kasuwanci.
Kalubale da Hanyar Kasuwanci
Kwayoyin Perovskite suna fuskantar ƙalubale da suka shafi daidaito da tsarin kera kayayyaki, waɗanda dole ne a warware su don cimma babban samarwa. Layukan samar da kayayyaki na gwaji na yanzu har yanzu suna cikin matakin gwaji. Manyan cikas ɗin sun haɗa da inganta daidaito da ingancin juyawa ta hanyar ingantattun kayayyaki da hanyoyin aiki. Manyan sabbin abubuwa, kamar kayan da ke jure da danshi da iskar gas, ƙarin abubuwa don haɓaka kwanciyar hankali, yadudduka masu wucewa, da kayan aiki na zamani, suna da mahimmanci don shawo kan waɗannan shingen. Nasarar da aka samu a waɗannan fannoni za ta haifar da karɓar masana'antu, tare da samfuran PV da aka rarraba da kuma samfuran da masu amfani za su iya zama yanayin aikace-aikacen farko.
Kwayoyin Tandem: Mabuɗin Buɗe Inganci
Idan aka kwatanta da ƙwayoyin mahaɗi ɗaya, tsarin tandem yana ba da inganci mafi girma. Daga cikin waɗannan, ƙwayoyin tandem huɗu na silicon-perovskite suna ci gaba da sauri zuwa ga kasuwanci saboda sauƙin tsarinsu da fa'idodin haɓaka inganci ga ƙwayoyin silicon na crystalline. Kwayoyin tandem guda biyu, yayin da suka fi rikitarwa, suna daidaita tsarin tantanin halitta kuma sun fi dacewa don haɗawa da fasahar HJT. Kwayoyin tandem cikakke na perovskite suna wakiltar mafita mafi kyau, suna ba da inganci mafi girma da ƙarancin farashi.
Gasar da Haɗin gwiwa
Masu tasowa a fannin silicon masu launin amorphous, kamar GCL Optoelectronics, Xinnano, da Microquanta, sun jagoranci ci gaban perovskite, da nufin shiga masana'antar PV ta hanyar wannan sabuwar fasaha. A halin yanzu, kamfanonin silicon na gargajiya sun shiga gasar bayan wani lokaci, suna mai da hankali kan fasahar tandem don inganta ingancin ƙwayoyin silicon na kristal da ake da su.
Kamfanonin silicon marasa tsari suna fuskantar ƙalubalen kuɗi kuma suna iya hanzarta haɓaka ƙwayoyin tandem guda huɗu don tabbatar da samun riba cikin sauri. Akasin haka, kamfanonin silicon na kristal suna iya neman sayo kamfanonin perovskite masu ƙirƙira don haɗa ci gaban su, wanda ke haifar da haɗakar masana'antu.
Duk da fafatawar da suke yi, kamfanonin silicon na crystalline da amorphous suna da manufa ɗaya: haɓaka masana'antar fasahar perovskite. Ana sa ran haɗin gwiwa zai mamaye nan ba da jimawa ba, yayin da ɓangarorin biyu ke aiki don cimma cikakken damar amfani da perovskite a ɓangaren photovoltaic.
