1. Ukubuka konke
Ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla bungahlukaniswa kabanzi ngokugcina okungokoqobo kanye nokugcina amakhemikhali. Ukugcina okungokoqobo kufaka phakathi ubuchwepheshe obufana nokugcina amanzi okupompiwe, umoya ocindezelwe, ukugcina amasondo ajikelezayo, ukugcina amandla adonsela phansi, kanye nokugcina ukushintsha kwesigaba. Ukugcina amakhemikhali kufaka phakathi amabhethri e-lithium-ion, amabhethri okugeleza, amabhethri e-sodium-ion, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokugcina i-hydrogen (ammonia).
Isitoreji samandla amasha sibhekisela kubuchwepheshe bokugcina obukhipha amandla kagesi ngokuyinhloko, ngaphandle kwesitoreji samanzi esipompiwe. Uma kuqhathaniswa nesitoreji samanzi esipompiwe, ubuchwepheshe obusha bokugcina amandla bunikeza indawo eguquguqukayo, izikhathi zokwakha ezimfushane, impendulo esheshayo, kanye nezici zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene.
Ubuchwepheshe obusha bokugcina amandla busetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yesistimu yamandla, okushintsha kakhulu izici zokusebenza kwezinhlelo zamandla zendabuko. Sezibe yizikhungo ezibalulekile zokusebenza okuphephile, okuzinzile, kanye nokwezomnotho kwezinhlelo zamandla.
2. Isitoreji Samandla Emishini
Isitoreji samandla emishini sihlanganisa kakhulu isitoreji samandla omoya ocindezelwe kanye nesitoreji samandla esinamasondo ajikelezayo.
Isitoreji Samandla Omoya Esicindezelwe (i-CAES): I-CAES isebenzisa ugesi omningi ngezikhathi zesidingo esiphansi ukucindezela umoya, ogcinwa bese ukhishwa kamuva ngezikhathi zesidingo esiphezulu ukuze ukhiqize ugesi ngokushayela i-turbine yegesi. I-CAES ifanele ukusetshenziswa okukhulu njengamapulazi omoya ngenxa yamakhono ayo okugunda kakhulu kodwa idinga izimo ezithile zendawo.
Isitoreji Samandla Esiyi-Flywheel: Le ndlela isebenzisa amandla kagesi ukusheshisa i-rotor ebekwe ku-vacuum, iguqule amandla kagesi abe amandla e-kinetic okugcina. Isitoreji samandla esiyi-Flywheel sibonakala ngezikhathi ezimfushane zokukhipha kanye namandla amancane, okwenza kube kuhle kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni okufana nezinsiza zamandla ezingenakunqamuka (i-UPS) kanye nokulawulwa kwemvamisa. Kodwa-ke, ubuningi bayo bamandla buphansi kakhulu, bugcina amandla imizuzwana embalwa kuya kwemizuzu.
3. Isitoreji Samandla Kagesi
Isitoreji samandla kagesi siyinkambu evelele ehlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhethri:
Amabhethri e-Lithium-Ion: Ubuchwepheshe bokugcina i-electrochemical obuvuthiwe futhi obusetshenziswa kabanzi, okwamanje bukhiqizwa ngezinga elikhulu futhi bukhula ngokushesha kakhulu futhi bunesabelo esiphezulu semakethe.
Amabhethri e-Lead-Acid: Lawa mabhethri anama-electrode enziwe ngokuyinhloko nge-lead kanye nama-oxide ayo ane-electrolyte ye-sulfuric acid. Angubuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe obusebenza kahle kodwa ahlushwa izikhathi zokushaja ezinde, ukungcola okuphezulu, kanye nokuphila isikhathi esifushane.
Amabhethri Okugeleza: Esesesigabeni sokusetshenziswa kokubonisa, amabhethri okugeleza angahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ezinhlelweni zawo ze-electrolyte zibe amabhethri okugeleza e-vanadium redox, amabhethri okugeleza e-zinc-iron, amabhethri okugeleza e-zinc-bromine, kanye namabhethri okugeleza e-iron-chromium. Amabhethri okugeleza e-Vanadium redox yiwona athengiswa kakhulu, kanti amanye asasheshisa ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni.
Amabhethri e-Sodium-Ion: Lawa mabhethri asebenzisa ukuhlangana kanye nokususwa kwama-ion e-sodium phakathi kwe-anode kanye ne-cathode ukuze ashaje futhi akhiphe. Ubuchwepheshe be-sodium-ion busahlolwa, buyaqhubeka nocwaningo nokuhlolwa.
4. Isitoreji Samandla Kagesi Kagesi
Isitoreji samandla kagesi sihlanganisa isitoreji samandla kagesi esiqhuba i-superconducting (SMES) kanye nesitoreji samandla se-supercapacitor, esifanele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukukhishwa okusheshayo kanye namandla aphezulu.
Isitoreji Samandla Kagesi Esisebenzisa Amandla Angaphezulu (ama-SMES): Sigcina amandla kagesi ensimini yamagnetic enamakhono okushaja/ukukhipha ngokushesha kanye nobuningi bamandla aphezulu. Naphezu kokutholakala kwemikhiqizo ye-SMES yokuhweba enamazinga okushisa aphansi kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kumagridi kagesi kusalokhu kulinganiselwe ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme kanye nokugcinwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinto zokuqhuba i-superconducting, okuzigcina zisesigabeni sokuhlola.
Ama-Supercapacitor: Gcina amandla kagesi usebenzisa izimiso ze-electrostatic, ngokumelana ne-voltage ephansi yezinto ze-dielectric. Ngakho-ke, ama-supercapacitor anomthamo wokugcina amandla olinganiselwe, ubuningi bamandla aphansi, kanye nezindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali eziphezulu.
5. Isitoreji Samandla Amakhemikhali
Ukugcinwa kwamandla kwamakhemikhali kubhekisela kakhulu kubuchwepheshe bokugcina i-hydrogen. Lokhu kuguqula ugesi oqhubekayo noma osele ube yi-hydrogen nge-electrolysis yokugcina, engaguqulwa ibuyiselwe emandleni kagesi kusetshenziswa amaseli kaphethiloli noma amanye amadivayisi okukhiqiza uma kudingeka.
Ngokusho kwe-"Development Path Research of Hydrogen Energy Storage Peak Shaving Stations" yiPolaris, ukusebenza kahle kwamanje kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kwezinhlelo zamaseli kaphethiloli we-hydrogen cishe kungama-45%. Uma sibheka ukulahlekelwa kwamandla ngesikhathi se-electrolysis yamanzi, ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu yonke kokukhiqizwa kwamandla okugcina i-hydrogen cishe kungama-35%. Ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla kuyinselele ebalulekile, futhi ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwezimboni kokugcinwa kwamandla e-hydrogen kudinga isikhathi esiningi.
