1. He aha ka ESS? Ka Nānā ʻana i ka ʻŌnaehana Mālama Ikehu
ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu i kahi ʻano e hiki ke noho ma ke ʻano me ka hilinaʻi nui a laila mālama iā ia i kahi ala e loaʻa ai i ka wā e pono ai. Ke hana ʻia, hoʻololi ʻia, neʻe ʻia, a hoʻohana ʻia ka ikehu, aia pinepine nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka lako a me ke koi ma ke ʻano o ka nui, ke ʻano, ka laha, a me ka manawa. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana mālama ikehu e mālama a hoʻokuʻu i ka ikehu hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i kēia mau ʻokoʻa. E hana kēia i ka lako ikehu a me ke koi i ʻoi aku ka like a hoʻonui i ka pono o ka ikehu. Hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia ka ikehu mechanical, ka ikehu wela, ka ikehu kemika, ka ikehu radiation (mālamalama), ka ikehu electromagnetic, ka ikehu nukelea, a me nā ʻano ikehu ʻē aʻe i nā hui like ʻole. Ma waho aʻe o ka ikehu radiant, hiki ke mālama ʻia nā ʻano ikehu ʻē aʻe a pau i nā ʻano maʻamau. No ka laʻana, hiki ke mālama ʻia ka ikehu mechanical ma ke ʻano he ikehu kinetic a i ʻole ka ikehu hiki, hiki ke mālama ʻia ka ikehu uila ma ke ʻano he ikehu kahua i hoʻokomo ʻia a i ʻole ka ikehu kahua electrostatic, hiki ke mālama ʻia ka ikehu thermal ma ke ʻano he wela latent a i ʻole ka wela sensible, a ʻo ka ikehu nukelea he ʻano maʻemaʻe o ka mālama ikehu. Ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole e mālama ai i ka ikehu, ʻo ia ka mālama pumped, ka mālama ʻana i ka ea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ka mālama ʻana i ka flywheel, ka mālama ʻana i ka pila, ka mālama thermal, a me ka mālama hydrogen.
I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā pila e mālama i ka ikehu i loko o nā microgrids no ka mea he mau waiwai makua lākou me ka nui o ka ʻike hana. Aia kekahi mau ʻāpana i loko o ka ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu pila, ʻo ia hoʻi ka pūʻolo pila mālama ikehu, ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokele pila (BMS), ka mea hoʻololi step-up, ka mea hoʻololi bi-directional mālama ikehu (PCS), ka ʻōnaehana hahai mālama ikehu, a me kekahi mau ʻāpana ʻē aʻe. Ke hāʻule ka grid, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu mai ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana i ka grid i ka hana me ka ʻole o ka grid. A laila hana ia ma ke ʻano he kumu mana kākoʻo no ka ʻōnaehana microgrid holoʻokoʻa, e mālama ana i ke voltage a me ke au i paʻa ke ʻole ia e hoʻopili ʻia i ka grid.
2. Ke koho ʻana i kahi pila mālama ikehu
2.1 Pākahi me ke kalapona kēpau
ʻO ka pākahiko kēpau-kalapona kahi ʻano hou o ka mea mālama ikehu i hana ʻia ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea kalapona me nā ʻano capacitive i ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole o kahi pākahiko kēpau-ʻakika maʻamau. Hiki ke hana ʻia kēia ma ke ʻano "loko a" a i ʻole "i hui pū ʻia ma loko." Ua like nā pākahiko kēpau-kalapona me nā pākahiko kēpau-ʻakika maʻamau a me nā capacitors super. Hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā pākahiko kēpau-ʻakika maʻamau i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma nā ʻano he nui, a eia kekahi o kā lākou mau pono ʻepekema:
1. hoʻonui hoʻouka kiʻekiʻe;
2. ʻo ke ola o ke kaʻapuni he 4-5 mau manawa ma mua o nā pila kēpau-ʻakika maʻamau;
3. palekana maikaʻi;
4. hoʻohana hoʻoulu hou kiʻekiʻe (a hiki i ka 97%), ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā pila kemika ʻē aʻe; nui nā mea maka, haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai, 1.5 manawa o nā pila kēpau-ʻakika maʻamau; a ʻo ke kumukūʻai o nā pila kēpau-ʻakika maʻamau ma kahi o 1.5 manawa o kēia mau pila. 1.5 manawa ikaika ma mua o ka pila kēpau-ʻakika maʻamau.
Ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ka hana o nā pila kēpau-kalapona i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā pila kēpau-ʻakika kuʻuna. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo loa ke kuleana o ka mea kalapona koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana o nā pila kēpau-kalapona. Hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea kalapona ke loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole, e like me ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole e hoʻoheheʻe ana i ka hydrogen a me ka nalowale ʻana o ka wai o ka pila, no laila he pilikia kēia e pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia.
2.2 Pākaukau Lithium
I ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, hoʻohana nā pila lithium-ion i nā kemika i loaʻa ka lithium ma ke ʻano he anode maikaʻi. ʻAʻohe metala lithium i loko o nā pila lithium-ion.
Loaʻa i nā pila lithium-ion kahi electrode maikaʻi i hana ʻia me nā hui lithium, e like me ka lithium cobaltate (LiCoO2), lithium manganate (LiMn2O4), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), a me nā mea ʻelua a ʻekolu paha ʻāpana ʻē aʻe. Hana ʻia ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole me nā hui lithium-carbon interlayer, e like me ka graphite, carbon palupalu, carbon paʻakikī, a me ka lithium titanate.
ʻElua mau pono koʻikoʻi o nā pila Lithium-ion, ʻo kekahi ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu, ʻo kekahi ka nui o ka mana. ʻO nā pono ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka pono kiʻekiʻe, kahi ākea o nā hoʻohana, ka nui o ka nānā ʻana, ka holomua ʻepekema wikiwiki, a me ka nui o ka lumi no ka ulu ʻana. ① Ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā electrolytes kemika, aia nā pilikia palekana nui; pono e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka palekana.
2.3 Ke koho ʻana i kahi pila mālama ikehu
ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēia mau ʻano ʻelua o nā pila mālama ikehu e pili ana i ka hohonu o ka hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia, ka pae mahana e hiki ai iā lākou ke hana, a me ko lākou ola pōʻaiapuni.
Hōʻike ka papa ma luna he pōkole ke ola pōʻaiapuni o nā pila kēpau-kalapona a hoʻokuʻu i ka hydrogen, he mea weliweli ia. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā pila Lithium hao phosphate ke hana i nā ʻano mahana like ʻole a he ola pōʻaiapuni kiʻekiʻe, pono hoʻoili ikehu, a me ka nui o ka ikehu.
No kēia kumu, ʻo nā pila mālama lithium iron phosphate ke koho maikaʻi loa no ka hapa nui o nā papahana mālama ikehu.
