1. ESS ni iki? Irebere uburyo bwo kubika ingufu
Kubika ingufu ni inzira yo guhindura ingufu mu buryo bushobora kubaho mu bidukikije mu buryo bwizewe hanyuma zikabikwa mu buryo butuma ziboneka igihe zikenewe. Iyo ingufu zirimo gukorwa, guhindurwa, kwimurwa no gukoreshwa, akenshi habaho itandukaniro hagati y’ibitangwa n’ibikenewe mu bijyanye n’ingano, imiterere, ikwirakwizwa, n’igihe. Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo kubika ingufu mu kubika no kurekura ingufu bishobora kugabanya iri tandukaniro. Ibi bizatuma ingufu zitangwa n’ibikenewe bingana kandi byongera imikorere myiza y’ingufu. Ingufu za mekanike, ingufu z’ubushyuhe, ingufu za shimi, ingufu z’imirasire (urumuri), ingufu za electromagnetic, ingufu za nyukiliya, n’izindi ngufu zishobora gushyirwa mu matsinda atandukanye. Uretse ingufu zituruka ku mirasire, izindi ngufu zose zishobora kubikwa mu buryo busanzwe. Urugero, ingufu za mekanike zishobora kubikwa nk’ingufu za kinetiki cyangwa zishobora kubaho, ingufu z’amashanyarazi zishobora kubikwa nk’ingufu z’umurima cyangwa ingufu za electrostatic field, ingufu z’ubushyuhe zishobora kubikwa nk’ubushyuhe butihishe cyangwa ubushyuhe bwumvikana, kandi ingufu za nyukiliya ni uburyo bwo kubika ingufu busanzwe. Mu buryo butandukanye bwo kubika ingufu harimo kubika pompe, kubika umwuka ufunze, kubika flywheel, kubika bateri, kubika ubushyuhe, no kubika hydrogen.
Muri iki gihe, bateri zikoreshwa cyane mu kubika ingufu muri mikorogridi kuko ari ibikoresho bikuze kandi bifite uburambe bwinshi mu kazi. Hari ibice byinshi muri sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za bateri, cyane cyane harimo paki ya bateri yo kubika ingufu, sisitemu yo gucunga bateri (BMS), transformer ya step-up, igikoresho cyo kubika ingufu mu cyerekezo cy’ubugari (PCS), sisitemu yo gukurikirana ububiko bw’ingufu, n’ibindi bice bimwe na bimwe. Iyo gridi igabanutse, sisitemu yo kubika ingufu ishobora guhindurwa kuva aho ihurijwe kuri gridi ikajya ikora nta gridi. Hanyuma ikora nk'isoko y'ingufu kuri sisitemu yose ya mikorogridi, igakomeza ingufu n'amashanyarazi bidahindagurika iyo idahujwe na gridi.
2. Guhitamo bateri yo kubika ingufu
2.1 Bateri ifite karuboni y'icyuma
Bateri ya lead-carbon ni ubwoko bushya bw'igikoresho cyo kubika ingufu cyakozwe no kongeramo ibikoresho bya karuboni bifite ubushobozi bwo gukora kuri electrode mbi ya bateri isanzwe ya lead-acid. Ibi bishobora gukorwa "imbere" cyangwa "bivanze imbere." Bateri za lead-carbon ni nk'izisanzwe za lead-acid na super capacitors. Zishobora gutuma bateri zisanzwe za lead-acid zikora neza cyane mu buryo bwinshi, kandi izi ni zimwe mu nyungu zazo za siyansi:
1. icyuma gikoresha amashanyarazi menshi;
2. Ubuzima bw'uruziga ni inshuro 4-5 z'igihe cy'amabati asanzwe ya aside ya lead;
3. umutekano mwiza;
4. ikoreshwa ry’ingufu nyinshi (kugeza kuri 97%), riri hejuru cyane y’izindi bateri za shimi; ibikoresho byinshi fatizo, bihendutse, inshuro 1.5 z’ingufu zisanzwe za aside ya lead; kandi igiciro cya bateri zisanzwe za aside ya lead kiri hafi inshuro 1.5 z’izi bateri. Ingufu 1.5 z’ingufu zisanzwe za aside ya lead.
Imikorere ya bateri za lisansi zikoresha amashanyarazi yazamutse cyane ugereranije na bateri zisanzwe zikoresha amashanyarazi ya aside lisansi. Ariko, ntibiramenyekana neza uruhare rw'ibikoresho by'ingenzi bya karuboni mu kunoza imikorere ya bateri za lisansi zikoresha amashanyarazi. Kongeramo ibikoresho bya karuboni bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi, nko kuba electrode mbi itera hydrogen ndetse na bateri igatakaza amazi, bityo iki ni ikibazo kigomba gukemurwa.
Bateri ya Lithium 2.2
Mu gihe cyo gusharija no gusohora umuriro, bateri za lithium-ion zikoresha imiti irimo lithium nk'anode nziza. Nta metal ya lithium iri muri bateri za lithium-ion.
Bateri za Lithium-ion zifite electrode nziza ikozwe mu bintu birimo lithium, nka lithium cobaltate (LiCo2), lithium manganate (LiMn2O4), lithium fer phosphate (LiFePO4), n'ibindi bikoresho bifite ibice bibiri cyangwa bitatu. Electrode mbi ikozwe mu bintu bivanze na lithium-carbon, nka grafiti, soft carbon, hard carbon, na lithium titanate.
Bateri za Lithium-ion zifite ibyiza bibiri bitangaje, kimwe ni ububiko bw'ingufu nyinshi, ikindi ni ubucucike bw'ingufu. Izindi nyungu zirimo imikorere myiza, uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha, kwitabwaho cyane, iterambere ryihuse rya siyansi, n'umwanya munini wo gukura. ① Kubera ko hakoreshwa electrolytes za shimi, hari ingaruka zikomeye ku mutekano; umutekano ugomba kuba mwiza kurushaho.
2.3 Guhitamo bateri yo kubika ingufu
Kureba itandukaniro riri hagati y’ubu bwoko bubiri bwa bateri zibika ingufu ukurikije uburyo zishobora gusohoka mu buryo bunini, urugero rw’ubushyuhe zishobora gukoramo, n’igihe zimara.
Imbonerahamwe iri hejuru igaragaza ko bateri za lisansi-karuboni zigira igihe gito cyo gukora kandi zigasohora hydrogen, ibyo bikaba ari akaga. Bateri za phosphate y’icyuma cya Lithium, ku rundi ruhande, zishobora gukora mu bushyuhe butandukanye kandi zikagira igihe cyo gukora cyane, ubushobozi bwo kohereza ingufu, n’ubucucike bw’ingufu.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, bateri zo kubikamo fosifate ya lithium iron ni zo zikwiye gukoreshwa mu mishinga myinshi yo kubikamo ingufu.
