1. Kodi ESS ndi chiyani? Kuyang'ana Njira Yosungira Mphamvu
Kusunga mphamvu ndi njira yosinthira mphamvu kukhala mawonekedwe omwe angakhalepo m'chilengedwe modalirika kwambiri kenako nkuzisunga mwanjira yomwe imazipangitsa kuti zipezeke pamene zikufunika. Pamene mphamvu ikupangidwa, kusinthidwa, kusunthidwa, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito, nthawi zambiri pamakhala kusiyana pakati pa kupezeka ndi kufunikira malinga ndi kuchuluka, mawonekedwe, kufalikira, ndi nthawi. Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosungira mphamvu kusunga ndi kutulutsa mphamvu kungafanane ndi kusiyana kumeneku. Izi zipangitsa kuti kupezeka ndi kufunikira kwa mphamvu zikhale zofanana ndikuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu. Mphamvu yamakina, mphamvu yotentha, mphamvu ya mankhwala, mphamvu ya kuwala (kuwala), mphamvu yamagetsi, mphamvu ya nyukiliya, ndi mitundu ina ya mphamvu zitha kuikidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza pa mphamvu yowala, mitundu ina yonse ya mphamvu imatha kusungidwa m'njira zokhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu yamakina ikhoza kusungidwa ngati mphamvu ya kinetic kapena potential, mphamvu yamagetsi ikhoza kusungidwa ngati mphamvu yamunda yoyambitsidwa kapena mphamvu yamunda wamagetsi, mphamvu yotentha ikhoza kusungidwa ngati kutentha kobisika kapena kutentha koyenera, ndipo mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi njira yosungira mphamvu yeniyeni. Pakati pa njira zosiyanasiyana zosungira mphamvu ndi pomped storage, compressed air storage, flywheel storage, batri storage, thermal storage, ndi hydrogen storage.
Pakadali pano, mabatire amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kusungira mphamvu mu ma microgrid chifukwa ndi zinthu zokhwima zomwe zili ndi luso logwira ntchito. Pali magawo angapo mu dongosolo losungira mphamvu za batri, makamaka kuphatikiza batire yosungira mphamvu, dongosolo loyang'anira mabatire (BMS), transformer yokwera, chipangizo chosinthira mphamvu chosungira mphamvu (PCS), dongosolo lotsata mphamvu, ndi magawo ena. Pamene gridi yamagetsi yatsika, dongosolo losungira mphamvu limatha kusinthidwa kuchoka pakulumikizidwa ku gridi kupita kuntchito popanda gridi. Kenako limagwira ntchito ngati gwero lamphamvu losungira mphamvu zonse za microgrid, kusunga magetsi ndi mphamvu zili zokhazikika pamene sizilumikizidwa ku gridi.
2. Kusankha batire yosungira mphamvu
2.1 Batri yokhala ndi kaboni wotsogola
Batire ya lead-carbon ndi mtundu watsopano wa chipangizo chosungira mphamvu chomwe chimapangidwa powonjezera zinthu za kaboni zokhala ndi mphamvu zogwira ntchito ku electrode yoyipa ya batire ya lead-acid yokhazikika. Izi zitha kuchitika "mkati ndi" kapena "zosakanikirana mkati." Mabatire a lead-carbon ali ngati mabatire wamba a lead-acid ndi ma super capacitor. Amatha kupangitsa mabatire wamba a lead-acid kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri m'njira zambiri, ndipo izi ndi zina mwazabwino zawo zasayansi:
1. chochulukitsa champhamvu kwambiri;
2. Nthawi ya moyo wa mabatire a lead-acid ndi nthawi 4-5 kuposa mabatire wamba;
3. chitetezo chabwino;
4. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mphamvu yobwezeretsa mphamvu (mpaka 97%), kokwera kwambiri kuposa mabatire ena a mankhwala; zipangizo zambiri zopangira, mtengo wotsika, kuwirikiza ka 1.5 kuposa mabatire wamba a lead-acid; ndipo mtengo wa mabatire wamba a lead-acid ndi pafupifupi kuwirikiza ka 1.5 kuposa mabatire awa. Kuwirikiza ka 1.5 kuposa batire wamba wa lead-acid.
Magwiridwe antchito a mabatire a lead-carbon asintha kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mabatire achikhalidwe a lead-acid. Komabe, sizikudziwikabe kuti zinthu zofunika kwambiri za kaboni zimagwira ntchito bwanji pakukweza magwiridwe antchito a mabatire a lead-carbon. Kuwonjezera zinthu za kaboni kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa, monga electrode yoyipa yomwe imachititsa kuti hydrogen igwire ntchito komanso kutaya madzi kwa batire, kotero ili ndi vuto lomwe liyenera kuthetsedwa.
2.2 Batri ya Lithium
Poyambitsa ndi kutulutsa mphamvu, mabatire a lithiamu-ion amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe ali ndi lithiamu ngati anode yabwino. Mu mabatire a lithiamu-ion mulibe lithiamu yachitsulo.
Mabatire a lithiamu-ion ali ndi maelekitirodi abwino opangidwa ndi mankhwala okhala ndi lithiamu, monga lithiamu cobaltate (LiCoO2), lithiamu manganate (LiMn2O4), lithiamu iron phosphate (LiFePO4), ndi zinthu zina zokhala ndi magawo awiri kapena atatu. Maelekitirodi oipa amapangidwa ndi maelekitirodi a lithiamu-carbon interlayer, monga graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, ndi lithiamu titanate.
Mabatire a lithiamu-ion ali ndi ubwino waukulu awiri, umodzi ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimasungidwa, wina ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ubwino wina ndi monga kugwira ntchito bwino, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kusamala kwambiri, kupita patsogolo mwachangu kwa sayansi, komanso kukula kwa malo. ① Popeza ma electrolyte a mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito, pali zoopsa zazikulu zachitetezo; chitetezo chiyenera kukhala chabwino.
2.3 Kusankha batire yosungira mphamvu
Kuwona kusiyana pakati pa mitundu iwiriyi ya mabatire osungira mphamvu potengera momwe angatulutsire mphamvu, kutentha komwe angagwire ntchito, ndi moyo wawo wozungulira.
Tebulo lomwe lili pamwambapa likuwonetsa kuti mabatire a lead-carbon amakhala ndi moyo waufupi ndipo amatulutsa hydrogen, zomwe ndi zoopsa. Mabatire a lithiamu iron phosphate, kumbali ina, amatha kugwira ntchito kutentha kosiyanasiyana ndipo amakhala ndi moyo wautali, mphamvu yotumizira bwino, komanso mphamvu zambiri.
Pachifukwa ichi, mabatire osungira a lithiamu iron phosphate ndi chisankho chabwino kwambiri pamapulojekiti ambiri osungira mphamvu.
