Samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana, a matsayin babbar hanyar samar da makamashi mai tsafta, ya jawo hankali sosai daga masana'antar. Idan kuna da sha'awa, bari mu zurfafa cikin tsarin ƙwayoyin hasken rana da kayan aikin hasken rana masu alaƙa.
Samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana, wacce aka fi sani da ƙwayoyin hasken rana, tana mayar da hasken rana kai tsaye zuwa wutar lantarki. A cikin allunan hasken rana, photons daga rana suna fitar da electrons daga haɗin atomic na kayan semiconductor. Lokacin da aka tilasta wa waɗannan electrons su yi tafiya a hanya ɗaya, suna samar da wutar lantarki wanda zai iya kunna na'urorin lantarki ko kuma a ciyar da su cikin wutar lantarki.
Tun lokacin da masanin kimiyyar lissafi ɗan ƙasar Faransa Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel ya fara nazari kan fasahar hasken rana a shekarar 1839, samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana ya zama babban batu na bincike. A yau, tare da manyan ƙungiyoyin bincike daga Amurka, Japan, da Turai suna hanzarta tallata tsarin hasken rana, kasuwar duniya ta masana'antar hasken rana ta ci gaba da faɗaɗa.
Modules na Photovoltaic
Duk da cewa kayan da ke cikin tsarin hasken rana sun bambanta, duk kayan aikin suna da layuka da yawa daga gefen gaba zuwa baya. Hasken rana da farko yana ratsawa ta cikin wani Layer mai kariya (yawanci gilashi), sannan ta cikin Layer mai haske zuwa cikin tantanin halitta. A tsakiyar kayan aikin akwai kayan shaye-shaye, wanda ke ɗaukar photons don samar da wutar lantarki. Nau'in kayan aikin semiconductor da ake amfani da su ya dogara ne akan takamaiman buƙatun tsarin hasken rana.
A ƙarƙashin kayan shaye-shaye akwai layin ƙarfe na baya, wanda ke kammala da'irar lantarki. A ƙarƙashin layin ƙarfe akwai wani Layer na fim mai haɗaka, wanda ke hana ruwa shiga da kuma rufe module ɗin. Sau da yawa ana sanya kayan aikin photovoltaic tare da ƙarin Layer na baya da aka yi da gilashi, ƙarfe na aluminum, ko filastik.
Kayan Semiconductor
Kayan Semiconductor a cikin tsarin photovoltaic na iya zama silicon, fim ɗin polycrystalline mai sirara, ko fim ɗin monocrystalline mai sirara. Kayan silicon sun haɗa da silicon monocrystalline, silicon polycrystalline, da silicon amorphous. Silicon monocrystalline, tare da tsarinsa na yau da kullun, yana da ingantaccen juyar da photovoltaic fiye da silicon polycrystalline.
A cikin silicon mai launin rawaya, ana rarraba ƙwayoyin silicon bazuwar, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ingancin juyawa idan aka kwatanta da silicon mai launin rawaya. Duk da haka, silicon mai launin rawaya na iya ɗaukar ƙarin photons, kuma haɗa shi da abubuwa kamar germanium ko carbon na iya haɓaka wannan siffa.
Ana amfani da sinadarin jan ƙarfe indium diselenide (CIS), cadmium telluride (CdTe), da silicon mai sirara a matsayin kayan polycrystalline. Kayan aiki masu inganci kamar gallium arsenide (GaAs) galibi suna haɗa da fina-finan silicon mai sirara monocrystalline. Ana zaɓar waɗannan kayan don takamaiman aikace-aikacen photovoltaic bisa ga halaye na musamman kamar lu'ulu'u, girman gibin band, ƙarfin sha, da sauƙin sarrafawa.
Abubuwan da ke Shafar Semiconductors na Waje
Tsarin atomic a cikin tsarin lu'ulu'u yana ƙayyade yawan lu'ulu'u na kayan semiconductor, wanda ke shafar jigilar caji kai tsaye, yawan wutar lantarki, da ingancin canza makamashi na ƙwayoyin rana. Gibin band na kayan semiconductor yana nufin mafi ƙarancin kuzarin da ake buƙata don motsa electrons daga yanayin da aka ɗaure zuwa yanayin 'yanci (wanda ke ba da damar watsawa). Gibin band, wanda aka saba nunawa kamar Misali, yana bayyana bambancin makamashi tsakanin band na valence (ƙarancin kuzari) da band na watsawa (babban kuzari).
Ma'aunin sha yana auna nisan da photon na wani takamaiman tsawon rai zai iya shiga wani matsakaici kafin ya sha. Ana tantance shi ta hanyar kayan tantanin halitta da kuma tsawon hasken photon da ya sha.
Kudin da sauƙin sarrafa kayan semiconductor daban-daban da na'urori sun dogara ne akan abubuwa da yawa, gami da nau'in da girman kayan da aka yi amfani da su, zagayowar samarwa, da halayen ƙaura na tantanin halitta a cikin ɗakin ajiyar kaya. Kowane abu yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen biyan takamaiman buƙatun samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da hasken rana.
