Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla elanga, njengesixazululo samandla ahlanzekile esihamba phambili, kudonsele ukunaka okukhulu embonini. Uma unesithakazelo, ake singene esakhiweni samaseli elanga kanye nezinto ezihlobene ne-photovoltaic.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla elanga, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi amaseli elanga, kuguqula ngqo ukukhanya kwelanga kube ugesi. Kumaphaneli elanga, ama-photon avela elangeni akhipha ama-electron ezibophweni ze-athomu zezinto ze-semiconductor. Lapho la ma-electron ephoqeleka ukuba ahambe ngendlela efanayo, akhiqiza ugesi ongasebenzisa amadivayisi kagesi noma ufakwe kugridi kagesi.
Kusukela isazi sesayensi yezinkanyezi saseFrance u-Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel aqala ukusungula ubuchwepheshe be-photovoltaic ngo-1839, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla elanga kube yisihloko esibalulekile socwaningo. Namuhla, njengoba amaqembu amakhulu ocwaningo avela e-US, eJapane, naseYurophu esheshisa ukuthengiswa kwezinhlelo zawo zelanga, imakethe yomhlaba wonke yemboni ye-photovoltaic iyaqhubeka nokukhula.
Amamojula e-Photovoltaic
Nakuba izinto ezisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ze-photovoltaic zihluka, wonke amamojula aqukethe izendlalelo eziningana kusukela ohlangothini olubheke phambili kuya ngemuva. Ukukhanya kwelanga kuqala kudlule ngesendlalelo esivikelayo (ngokuvamile ingilazi), bese kudlula ngesendlalelo sokuxhumana esibonakalayo kungene esitokisini uqobo. Enkabeni yemojula kukhona izinto ezimunca amanzi, ezibamba ama-photon ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi. Uhlobo lwezinto ze-semiconductor ezisetshenziswayo luncike ezidingweni ezithile zesistimu ye-photovoltaic.
Ngaphansi kwezinto ezimuncayo kukhona ungqimba lwensimbi lwangemuva, oluqedela isekethe kagesi. Ngaphansi kongqimba lwensimbi kukhona ungqimba lwefilimu oluhlanganisiwe, oluvikela futhi luvikele imodyuli. Amamojula e-photovoltaic avame ukuhlonyiswa ngengqimba eyengeziwe yokuvikela eyenziwe ngengilazi, i-aluminium alloy, noma ipulasitiki.
Izinto Zokukhanda Ama-semiconductor
Izinto ze-semiconductor ezinhlelweni ze-photovoltaic zingaba yi-silicon, amafilimu amancane e-polycrystalline, noma amafilimu amancane e-monocrystalline. Izinto ze-silicon zifaka i-silicon e-monocrystalline, i-silicon e-polycrystalline, kanye ne-silicon engaguquki. I-silicon e-monocrystalline, enesakhiwo sayo esijwayelekile, inokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwe-photovoltaic okuphezulu kune-silicon e-polycrystalline.
Ku-silicon engaguquki, ama-athomu e-silicon asatshalaliswa ngokungahleliwe, okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle kokuguqulwa okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-silicon e-monocrystalline. Kodwa-ke, i-silicon engaguquki ingabamba ama-photon amaningi, futhi ukuyihlanganisa ngezakhi ezifana ne-germanium noma i-carbon kungathuthukisa lesi sici.
I-Copper indium diselenide (CIS), i-cadmium telluride (CdTe), kanye ne-thin-film silicon zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezinto ze-polycrystalline thin-film. Izinto ezisebenza kahle kakhulu njenge-gallium arsenide (GaAs) zivame ukufaka amafilimu e-silicon e-monocrystalline thin. Lezi zinto zikhethwa ukuze zisetshenziswe nge-photovoltaic ethile ngokusekelwe ezicini ezihlukile njenge-crystallinity, usayizi we-band gap, amakhono okumunca, kanye nokulula kokucutshungulwa.
Izici Zangaphandle Ezithinta Ama-Semiconductor
Ukuhlelwa kwe-athomu esakhiweni sekristalu kunquma ubukhristali bezinto ze-semiconductor, okuthinta ngqo ukuthuthwa kweshaja, ubuningi bamanje, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla kwamaseli elanga. Igebe lebhendi lezinto ze-semiconductor libhekisela emandleni amancane adingekayo ukuhambisa ama-electron kusuka esimweni esiboshiwe kuya esimweni esikhululekile (okuvumela ukuqhutshwa). Igebe lebhendi, elivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Eg, lichaza umehluko wamandla phakathi kwebhendi ye-valence (amandla aphansi) kanye nebhendi yokuqhutshwa (amandla aphezulu).
I-coefficient yokumunca ilinganisa ibanga i-photon yobude besikhathi esithile engangena ngalo endaweni ethile ngaphambi kokuba imuncwe. Inqunywa yizinto ezisetshenziswayo zeseli kanye nobude besikhathi be-photon emuncwe.
Izindleko kanye nokulula kokucubungula izinto namadivayisi ahlukahlukene e-semiconductor kuncike ezintweni eziningi, kufaka phakathi uhlobo kanye nobukhulu bezinto ezisetshenziswayo, imijikelezo yokukhiqiza, kanye nezici zokufuduka kweseli ekamelweni lokubeka. Isici ngasinye sidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo ezithile zokukhiqizwa kwe-photovoltaic.
