ʻO ka hana ʻana i ka mana o ka lā, ma ke ʻano he hopena ikehu maʻemaʻe alakaʻi, ua loaʻa ka nānā nui mai ka ʻoihana. Inā makemake ʻoe, e luʻu kākou i loko o ke ʻano o nā cell solar a me nā mea photovoltaic e pili ana.
ʻO ka hana mana o ka lā, i kapa pinepine ʻia he mau cell solar, hoʻololi pololei i ka lā i uila. I loko o nā panela solar, hoʻokuke nā photons mai ka lā i nā electrons mai nā pilina atomika o nā mea semiconductor. Ke koi ʻia kēia mau electrons e neʻe i ke ala like, hana lākou i kahi au uila e hiki ai ke hoʻoikaika i nā mea uila a i ʻole e hānai ʻia i loko o ka pūnaewele uila.
Mai ka manawa i hoʻokumu mua ai ke kanaka ʻepekema Farani ʻo Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel i ka ʻenehana photovoltaic i ka makahiki 1839, ʻo ka hana ʻana i ka mana o ka lā kekahi kumuhana nui o ka noiʻi. I kēia lā, me nā hui noiʻi nui mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Iapana, a me ʻEulopa e hoʻolalelale ana i ke kālepa ʻana o kā lākou ʻōnaehana solar, ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka mākeke honua no ka ʻoihana photovoltaic.
Nā Modula Photovoltaic
ʻOiai ʻokoʻa nā mea i loko o nā ʻōnaehana photovoltaic, aia nā modula āpau i kekahi mau papa mai ka ʻaoʻao mua a i ke kua. Hele mua ka lā ma o kahi papa pale (ʻo ke aniani maʻamau), a laila ma o kahi papa pili aniani i loko o ke kelepona ponoʻī. Aia ma waenakonu o ka modula ka mea absorber, ka mea e hopu i nā photons e hana i ke au uila. ʻO ke ʻano o ka mea semiconductor i hoʻohana ʻia e pili ana i nā pono kikoʻī o ka ʻōnaehana photovoltaic.
Ma lalo o ka mea hoʻomoʻa ka papa metala hope, kahi e hoʻopau ai i ke kaapuni uila. Ma lalo o ka papa metala kahi papa kiʻiʻoniʻoni hui, kahi e pale ai i ka wai a hoʻokaʻawale i ka module. Hoʻolako pinepine ʻia nā modules Photovoltaic me kahi papa pale hou i hana ʻia mai ke aniani, ka alumini alloy, a i ʻole ka plastic.
Nā Mea Hana Semiconductor
Hiki i nā mea semiconductor i loko o nā ʻōnaehana photovoltaic ke silicon, polycrystalline thin films, a i ʻole monocrystalline thin films. ʻO nā mea Silicon e komo pū me ka monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, a me amorphous silicon. ʻO ka monocrystalline silicon, me kona ʻano maʻamau, he kiʻekiʻe ka pono o ka hoʻololi photovoltaic ma mua o ka polycrystalline silicon.
I loko o ka silicon amorphous, ua hoʻolaha wale ʻia nā ʻātoma silicon, e hopena ana i ka pono hoʻololi haʻahaʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka silicon monocrystalline. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka silicon amorphous ke hopu i nā photons hou aʻe, a ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana me nā mea e like me ka germanium a i ʻole ke kalapona hiki ke hoʻonui i kēia waiwai.
ʻO ke keleawe indium diselenide (CIS), cadmium telluride (CdTe), a me ka silicon ʻili lahilahi he mau mea ʻili lahilahi polycrystalline i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia. Hoʻokomo pinepine nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe e like me ka gallium arsenide (GaAs) i nā ʻili lahilahi monocrystalline silicon. Ua koho ʻia kēia mau mea no nā noi photovoltaic kikoʻī e pili ana i nā waiwai kūikawā e like me ka crystallinity, ka nui o ka band gap, nā hiki ke omo, a me ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana.
Nā kumu o waho e pili ana i nā Semiconductors
ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka ʻātoma i loko o kahi ʻano kristal e hoʻoholo ai i ka crystallinity o nā mea semiconductor, ka mea e pili pono ana i ka lawe ʻana o ka uku, ka nui o ke au, a me ka pono o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu o nā cell solar. ʻO ka band gap o nā mea semiconductor e pili ana i ka ikehu liʻiliʻi e pono ai e hoʻoneʻe i nā electrons mai kahi mokuʻāina i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi mokuʻāina manuahi (e ʻae ana i ka conduction). ʻO ka band gap, i hōʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo Eg, e wehewehe ana i ka ʻokoʻa ikehu ma waena o ka valence band (ikaika haʻahaʻa) a me ka conduction band (ikaika kiʻekiʻe).
Hoʻohālikelike ke koina omo i ka mamao e hiki ai i kahi photon o kahi nalu kikoʻī ke komo i loko o kahi medium ma mua o ka omo ʻia ʻana. Hoʻoholo ʻia e ka mea o ke kelepona a me ka nalu o ka photon i omo ʻia.
ʻO ke kumukūʻai a me ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana i nā mea semiconductor like ʻole a me nā hāmeʻa e hilinaʻi ʻia i nā kumu he nui, me ke ʻano a me ka nui o nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia, nā pōʻaiapuni hana, a me nā ʻano neʻe ʻana o ke kelepona i loko o ke keʻena waiho. He kuleana koʻikoʻi kēlā me kēia kumu i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pono hana photovoltaic kikoʻī.
