Kupanga mphamvu ya dzuwa, monga njira yotsogola yopezera mphamvu zoyera, kwakopa chidwi chachikulu kuchokera ku makampani opanga magetsi. Ngati mukufuna, tiyeni tikambirane za kapangidwe ka maselo a dzuwa ndi zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi photovoltaic.
Kupanga mphamvu ya dzuwa, komwe nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa maselo a dzuwa, kumasintha kuwala kwa dzuwa kukhala magetsi mwachindunji. Mu ma solar panels, ma photon ochokera ku dzuwa amachotsa ma elekitironi kuchokera ku ma atomu a zinthu za semiconductor. Ma elekitironi awa akakakamizika kuyenda mbali imodzi, amapanga magetsi omwe amatha kupatsa mphamvu zida zamagetsi kapena kulowetsedwa mu gridi yamagetsi.
Kuyambira pamene katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo wa ku France, Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel, anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa photovoltaic mu 1839, kupanga mphamvu ya dzuwa kwakhala nkhani yofunika kwambiri yofufuza. Masiku ano, ndi magulu akuluakulu ofufuza ochokera ku US, Japan, ndi Europe akufulumizitsa malonda a makina awo a dzuwa, msika wapadziko lonse wa makampani opanga photovoltaic ukupitirira kukula.
Ma module a Photovoltaic
Ngakhale kuti zipangizo zomwe zili mu makina a photovoltaic zimasiyana, ma module onse amakhala ndi zigawo zingapo kuyambira kutsogolo kupita kumbuyo. Kuwala kwa dzuwa kumadutsa koyamba kudzera mu gawo loteteza (nthawi zambiri galasi), kenako kudzera mu gawo lowonekera lolumikizana kulowa mu selo lokha. Pakati pa gawoli pali zinthu zoyamwitsa, zomwe zimagwira ma photon kuti apange magetsi. Mtundu wa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimatengera zosowa za makina a photovoltaic.
Pansi pa chinthu choyamwitsa pali gawo lachitsulo chakumbuyo, lomwe limamaliza kayendedwe ka magetsi. Pansi pa gawo lachitsulo pali gawo la filimu yophatikizika, yomwe imateteza madzi ndi kuteteza gawolo. Ma module a photovoltaic nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi gawo lowonjezera loteteza lopangidwa ndi galasi, aluminiyamu, kapena pulasitiki.
Zipangizo za Semiconductor
Zipangizo za semiconductor mu makina a photovoltaic zitha kukhala silicon, polycrystalline thin films, kapena monocrystalline thin films. Zipangizo za silicon zimaphatikizapo monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, ndi amorphous silicon. Monocrystalline silicon, yokhala ndi kapangidwe kake kokhazikika, ili ndi mphamvu yosinthira ma photovoltaic kuposa polycrystalline silicon.
Mu silicon yopanda mawonekedwe, maatomu a silicon amagawidwa mwachisawawa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yosintha ikhale yochepa poyerekeza ndi silicon ya monocrystalline. Komabe, silicon yopanda mawonekedwe imatha kugwira ma photon ambiri, ndipo kuisakaniza ndi zinthu monga germanium kapena carbon kungapangitse kuti izi zitheke.
Copper indium diselenide (CIS), cadmium telluride (CdTe), ndi silicon woonda kwambiri ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi polycrystalline thin-film. Zipangizo zogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri monga gallium arsenide (GaAs) nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mafilimu opyapyala a monocrystalline silicon. Zipangizozi zimasankhidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pa photovoltaic kutengera mawonekedwe apadera monga crystallinity, kukula kwa band gap, mphamvu zoyamwa, komanso kusavuta kukonza.
Zinthu Zakunja Zomwe Zimakhudza Ma Semiconductors
Kapangidwe ka maatomu mu kapangidwe ka kristalo kamatsimikizira kupangika kwa zinthu za semiconductor, zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji mayendedwe a charge, kuchuluka kwa current, ndi mphamvu yosinthira mphamvu ya maselo a dzuwa. Mpata wa band wa zinthu za semiconductor umatanthauza mphamvu yochepa yomwe imafunika kuti ma elekitironi asunthe kuchokera ku boma lomangika kupita ku boma laulere (kulola kuti conduction ichitike). Mpata wa band, womwe nthawi zambiri umatchedwa Eg, umafotokoza kusiyana kwa mphamvu pakati pa valence band (mphamvu yotsika) ndi conduction band (mphamvu yayikulu).
Chiŵerengero cha kuyamwa kwa madzi chimawerengera mtunda umene photon ya kutalika kwa madzi inayake ingalowe m'malo osungira madzi isanalowe. Chimatsimikiziridwa ndi zinthu za selo ndi kutalika kwa madzi a photon yoyamwa.
Mtengo ndi kusavuta kwa kukonza zipangizo zosiyanasiyana za semiconductor ndi zipangizo zimadalira zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo mtundu ndi kukula kwa zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, nthawi yopangira, ndi makhalidwe osamukira kwa selo mu chipinda chosungiramo zinthu. Chinthu chilichonse chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukwaniritsa zosowa zinazake zopangira photovoltaic.
