Kua aro nui te umanga ki te whakaputa hiko o te rā, hei otinga hiko ma matua. Ki te hiahia koe, me ruku tātou ki te hanganga o ngā pūtau hiko o te rā me ngā rauemi photovoltaic e pā ana.
Ko te whakaputa hiko o te rā, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko ngā pūtau rā, ka huri tika i te hihi o te rā hei hiko. I roto i ngā panera rā, ka wetekina e ngā photon o te rā ngā irahiko mai i ngā hononga ngota o ngā rauemi haurua-ira. Ina akiakihia ēnei irahiko kia neke i te ahunga kotahi, ka whakaputahia he iahiko ka taea te whakakaha i ngā taputapu hiko, te whāngai rānei ki te whatunga hiko.
Mai i te wā i whakapūmau tuatahitia ai e te tohunga ahupūngao Wīwī a Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel te ariā mō te hangarau photovoltaic i te tau 1839, ko te whakaputa hiko o te rā te kaupapa matua o te rangahau. I tēnei rā, me ngā rōpū rangahau nui mai i te US, Hapani, me Ūropi e tere haere ana te hokohoko o ā rātou pūnaha solar, kei te whānui haere tonu te mākete o te ao mō te umanga photovoltaic.
Ngā Kōwae Whakaahua-Voltaic
Ahakoa he rerekē ngā rauemi o ngā pūnaha photovoltaic, he maha ngā paparanga o ia kōwae mai i te taha o mua ki muri. Ka haere tuatahi te hihi o te rā mā roto i tētahi paparanga tiaki (ko te tikanga he karāhe), kātahi mā roto i tētahi paparanga whakapā mārama ki roto i te pūtau tonu. Kei waenganui o te kōwae te rauemi mimiti, e hopu ana i ngā photon hei whakaputa i te iahiko hiko. Ko te momo rauemi semiconductor e whakamahia ana e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā hiahia motuhake o te pūnaha photovoltaic.
Kei raro i te rauemi mimiti ko te paparanga whakarewa o muri, e whakaoti ana i te ara iahiko hiko. Kei raro i te paparanga whakarewa he paparanga kiriata hiato, e ārai ana i te wai, e ārai ana hoki i te kōwae. He maha ngā wā ka whakauruhia ngā kōwae photovoltaic ki tētahi paparanga tiaki tāpiri i hangaia mai i te karāhe, te koranu konumohe, te kirihou rānei.
Ngā Rauemi Ārahi
Ko ngā rauemi hiko-haurua i roto i ngā pūnaha photovoltaic he silicon, he kiriata angiangi polycrystalline, he kiriata angiangi monocrystalline rānei. Kei roto i ngā rauemi silicon he silicon monocrystalline, he silicon polycrystalline, me te silicon amorphous. Ko te silicon monocrystalline, me tōna hanganga auau, he nui ake te pai o te hurihanga photovoltaic i te silicon polycrystalline.
I roto i te silicon amorphous, ka tohatoha matapōkeretia ngā ngota silicon, ka iti ake te pai o te hurihanga ki te silicon monocrystalline. Heoi, ka taea e te silicon amorphous te hopu i ngā photon he nui ake, ā, mā te whakakotahi me ngā huānga pēnei i te germanium, te waro rānei ka taea te whakarei ake i tēnei āhuatanga.
Ko te parahi indium diselenide (CIS), te cadmium telluride (CdTe), me te silicon kiriata-angiangi he rauemi kiriata-angiangi polycrystalline e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Ko ngā rauemi tino whai hua pēnei i te gallium arsenide (GaAs) he maha ngā wā ka whakauruhia he kiriata angiangi monocrystalline silicon. Ka tīpakohia ēnei rauemi mō ngā tono photovoltaic motuhake i runga i ngā āhuatanga ahurei pēnei i te crystallinity, te rahi o te āputa roopu, te kaha mimiti, me te ngāwari o te tukatuka.
Ngā āhuatanga o waho e pā ana ki ngā semiconductors
Ko te whakaritenga ngota i roto i te hanganga tioata e whakatau ana i te tioata o ngā rauemi haurua-ira, e pā tika ana ki te kawe utu, te kiato o te iahiko, me te whai huatanga o te hurihanga pūngao o ngā pūtau rā. Ko te āputa roopu o ngā rauemi haurua-ira e pā ana ki te pūngao iti rawa e hiahiatia ana hei neke i ngā irahiko mai i te āhua here ki te āhua kore utu (e āhei ai te kawe hiko). Ko te āputa roopu, e tohuhia ana ko Eg, e whakaahua ana i te rerekētanga pūngao i waenga i te roopu valence (pūngao iti) me te roopu kawe hiko (pūngao teitei).
Ka inehia e te tauwehenga mimiti te tawhiti ka taea e te photon o tētahi roangaru motuhake te uru ki roto i tētahi reo i mua i te mimititanga. Ka whakatauhia tēnei e te rauemi o te pūtau me te roangaru o te photon kua mimitia.
Ko te utu me te ngāwari o te tukatuka i ngā rauemi me ngā taputapu haurua-ira e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki te momo me te tauine o ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana, ngā huringa whakaputa, me ngā āhuatanga hekenga o te pūtau i roto i te rūma whakatakotoranga. He mea nui ia āhuatanga ki te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia whakaputa hiko photovoltaic motuhake.
