Gutanga ingufu z'izuba, nk'igisubizo gikomeye cy'ingufu zisukuye, byakuruye ibitekerezo bikomeye by'inganda. Niba ubyifuza, reka turebere hamwe imiterere y'uturemangingo tw'izuba n'ibikoresho bifitanye isano na photovoltaic.
Ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba, akenshi zitwa selile z'izuba, zihindura urumuri rw'izuba mo amashanyarazi mu buryo butaziguye. Mu mirasire y'izuba, fotoni zituruka ku zuba zikuraho electron mu migozi ya atome y'ibikoresho bya semiconductor. Iyo izi electron zihatiwe kugenda mu cyerekezo kimwe, zikora amashanyarazi ashobora gukoresha ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga cyangwa akajyanwa mu muyoboro w'amashanyarazi.
Kuva umuhanga mu bya fiziki w’Umufaransa Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel yatangira gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya photovoltaic mu 1839, ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba ni ingingo y’ingenzi mu bushakashatsi. Muri iki gihe, hamwe n’amatsinda akomeye y’ubushakashatsi aturutse muri Amerika, mu Buyapani no mu Burayi yihutisha ubucuruzi bw’imirasire y’izuba, isoko mpuzamahanga ry’inganda zikoresha photovoltaic rikomeje kwaguka.
Modules za photovoltaic
Nubwo ibikoresho biri muri sisitemu ya photovoltaic bitandukanye, module zose zigizwe n'ibice byinshi kuva ku ruhande rw'imbere kugera inyuma. Umucyo w'izuba ubanza unyura mu gice kirinda (ubusanzwe ikirahure), hanyuma ukanyura mu gice cy'urukiramende gisobanutse ukagera mu kagari ubwako. Hagati muri module hari ibikoresho bifata fotoni kugira ngo bikore umuriro w'amashanyarazi. Ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bya semiconductor bikoreshwa biterwa n'ibyo sisitemu ya photovoltaic ikeneye.
Munsi y'ibikoresho bifata umwuka hari urwego rw'icyuma rw'inyuma, rurangiza uruziga rw'amashanyarazi. Munsi y'urwego rw'icyuma hari urwego rwa filime ivanze, rurinda amazi kandi rugakingira module. Module za photovoltaic zikunze gushyirwaho urwego rw'inyongera rurinda rukozwe mu kirahure, aluminiyumu cyangwa pulasitiki.
Ibikoresho bya Semiconductor
Ibikoresho bya semiconductor muri sisitemu ya photovoltaic bishobora kuba silicon, polycrystalline thin films, cyangwa monocrystalline thin films. Ibikoresho bya silicon birimo monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, na amorphous silicon. Monocrystalline silicon, hamwe n'imiterere yayo isanzwe, ifite ubushobozi bwo guhindura photovoltaic kurusha polycrystalline silicon.
Muri silikoni idafite ifoto, atome za silikoni zikwirakwira mu buryo butunguranye, bigatuma ubushobozi bwo guhindura ibintu bugabanuka ugereranije na silikoni imwe idafite ifoto imwe. Ariko, silikoni idafite ifoto ishobora gufata fotoni nyinshi, kandi kuyivanga n'ibintu nka germanium cyangwa karuboni bishobora kongera ubu buhanga.
Ibikoresho bya silicone y'umuringa (CIS), cadmium telluride (CdTe), na silicone y'icyuma gito bikunze gukoreshwa mu bikoresho bya silicone y'icyuma gito. Ibikoresho bikora neza cyane nka gallium arsenide (GaAs) akenshi biba birimo silicone y'icyuma gito. Ibi bikoresho bitoranywa mu buryo bwihariye bwo gukoresha fotovoltaic hashingiwe ku miterere yihariye nka crystallinity, ingano y'icyuho cy'umugozi, ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza, no koroshya gutunganya.
Ibintu byo hanze bigira ingaruka ku byuma bitwara amashanyarazi
Imiterere ya atome mu miterere ya kristu igena imiterere y’ibikoresho bya semiconductor, ibyo bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku gutwara umuriro, ubucucike bw’amashanyarazi, no ku buryo ingufu zikoreshwa mu guhindura ingufu za selile z’izuba zikoreshwa. Icyuho cy’umugozi w’ibikoresho bya semiconductor bivuze ingufu nke zisabwa kugira ngo elektroni ziva mu mimerere ijyanye n’aho zijya mu mimerere yigenga (bituma habaho gukwirakwiza). Icyuho cy’umugozi, gikunze kugaragazwa nka Eg, gisobanura itandukaniro ry’ingufu hagati y’umugozi wa valence (ingufu nke) n’umugozi wa conduction (ingufu nyinshi).
Igipimo cyo kwinjiza gipima intera fotoni y'uburebure runaka ishobora kwinjira mu kintu mbere yo kwinjiza. Kigenwa n'ibikoresho by'akaremangingo n'uburebure bw'uburebure bwa fotoni yinjiye.
Ikiguzi n'uburyo bworoshye bwo gutunganya ibikoresho n'ibikoresho bitandukanye bya semiconductor biterwa n'ibintu byinshi, harimo ubwoko n'ingano y'ibikoresho bikoreshwa, imikorere, n'imiterere y'uturemangingo mu cyumba cyo kubikamo. Buri kintu kigira uruhare runini mu guhaza ibyifuzo byihariye byo gukora photovoltaic.
