Ukuveliswa kwamandla elanga, njengesisombululo esiphambili samandla acocekileyo, kufumene ingqalelo enkulu kwishishini. Ukuba unomdla, makhe sijonge kwisakhiwo seeseli zelanga kunye nezinto ezinxulumene ne-photovoltaic.
Ukuveliswa kwamandla elanga, okubizwa ngokuba ziiseli zelanga, kuguqula ngokuthe ngqo ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane. Kwiiphaneli zelanga, ii-photon ezivela elangeni zikhupha ii-electron kwiibhondi zeathom zezinto ze-semiconductor. Xa ezi electron zinyanzelekile ukuba zihambe kwicala elinye, zivelisa umbane onokuthi unike amandla izixhobo ze-elektroniki okanye ufakwe kwigridi yombane.
Ukususela oko ingcali yefiziksi yaseFransi uAlexandre-Edmond Becquerel waqala ukuphuhlisa itekhnoloji ye-photovoltaic ngo-1839, ukuveliswa kwamandla elanga kube yinto ephambili yophando. Namhlanje, njengoko amaqela amakhulu ophando avela e-US, eJapan, naseYurophu ekhawulezisa ukuthengiswa kweenkqubo zawo zelanga, imakethi yamazwe ngamazwe yeshishini le-photovoltaic iyaqhubeka nokukhula.
Iimodyuli ze-Photovoltaic
Nangona izinto ezikwiinkqubo ze-photovoltaic zahlukile, zonke iimodyuli zineeleya ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwicala elijonge phambili ukuya ngasemva. Ukukhanya kwelanga kuqala kudlula kumaleko okhuselayo (ngokuqhelekileyo iglasi), emva koko kudlule kumaleko oqhagamshelwano olucacileyo ukuya kwiseli ngokwayo. Embindini wemodyuli kukho izinto zokufunxa, ezibamba ii-photons ukuvelisa umbane. Uhlobo lwezinto ze-semiconductor ezisetyenziswayo luxhomekeke kwiimfuno ezithile zenkqubo ye-photovoltaic.
Ngaphantsi kwezinto zokufunxa kukho umaleko wesinyithi ongasemva, ogqibezela isekethe yombane. Ngaphantsi komaleko wesinyithi kukho umaleko wefilimu edibeneyo, ogcina amanzi kwaye ugqume imodyuli. Iimodyuli ze-photovoltaic zihlala zixhotyiswe ngomaleko ongezelelweyo wokukhusela owenziwe ngeglasi, i-aluminium alloy, okanye iplastiki.
Izixhobo zeSemiconductor
Izixhobo ze-semiconductor kwiinkqubo ze-photovoltaic zinokuba yi-silicon, ii-polycrystalline thin films, okanye ii-monocrystalline thin films. Izixhobo ze-silicon ziquka i-monocrystalline silicon, i-polycrystalline silicon, kunye ne-amorphous silicon. I-Monocrystalline silicon, enesakhiwo sayo esiqhelekileyo, inokusebenza okuphezulu kokuguqulwa kwe-photovoltaic kune-polycrystalline silicon.
Kwi-silicon engenasimo sendalo, ii-athomu ze-silicon zisasazwa ngokungacwangciswanga, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa kube phantsi xa kuthelekiswa ne-silicon ene-monocrystalline. Nangona kunjalo, i-silicon engenasimo sendalo inokubamba ii-photons ezininzi, kwaye ukuyidibanisa nezinto ezifana ne-germanium okanye i-carbon kunokuphucula olu phawu.
I-Copper indium diselenide (CIS), i-cadmium telluride (CdTe), kunye ne-thin-film silicon zisetyenziswa kakhulu njengezixhobo ze-polycrystalline thin-film. Izixhobo ezisebenzayo kakhulu ezifana ne-gallium arsenide (GaAs) zihlala zifaka iifilimu ze-silicon ezi-monocrystalline thin. Ezi zixhobo zikhethwa kwizicelo ezithile ze-photovoltaic ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ezizodwa ezifana ne-crystallinity, ubungakanani be-band gap, amandla okufunxa, kunye nokulula kokucutshungulwa.
Izinto Zangaphandle Ezichaphazela IiSemiconductors
Ulungiselelo lweathomu kwisakhiwo sekristale lumisela ubukhristalo bezinto ze-semiconductor, nto leyo echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuthuthwa kwetshaja, uxinano lwangoku, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa kwamandla kweeseli zelanga. I-band gap yezinto ze-semiconductor ibhekisa kumandla amancinci afunekayo ukuhambisa ii-electron ukusuka kwimeko ebotshelelweyo ukuya kwimeko ekhululekileyo (okuvumela ukuqhutywa). I-band gap, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-Eg, ichaza umahluko wamandla phakathi kwe-valence band (amandla aphantsi) kunye ne-conduction band (amandla aphezulu).
I-absorption coefficient ilinganisa umgama i-photon yobude obuthile obunokungena kuwo kwindawo ethile ngaphambi kokuba ifunxwe. Imiselwa zizinto zeseli kunye nobude bobude be-photon efunxweyo.
Ixabiso kunye nokulula kokucubungula izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-semiconductor kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, kubandakanya uhlobo kunye nobukhulu bezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo, imijikelo yemveliso, kunye neempawu zokufuduka kweseli kwigumbi lokubeka. Into nganye idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno ezithile zokuveliswa kwe-photovoltaic.
