Hagati y’impinduka mu ngufu n’iterambere rirambye, amashanyarazi akwirakwizwa (PV) arimo kuvugurura vuba imiterere y’ingufu ku isi nk'igice cy’ingenzi cy’ingufu zisukuye. Hamwe n’udushya duhoraho mu ikoranabuhanga, inkunga ihoraho mu bya politiki, ndetse n’izamuka ry’ubukene ku isoko, urwego rwa PV rukwirakwizwa rurimo kubona impinduka nshya kandi zikomeye.
1. Modules zifite ingufu nyinshi ku bisenge
Mu guhuza ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, imbaraga za module za PV ziyongera cyane, aho ibicuruzwa bya 600W+ na 700W+ biba ibintu by'ingenzi bitangwa n'ibigo by'amashanyarazi. Module zifite ingufu nyinshi ntizikundwa gusa n'ibigo by'amashanyarazi bishyirwa hasi ahubwo zikoreshwa vuba mu gushyiraho ibisenge. Mu imurikagurisha ry'inganda, abakora module bakomeye bashyize imbere igitekerezo cya "module za 700W+ ku bisenge."
Nk’uko aba bahanga babivuga, PV ikwirakwizwa, cyane cyane inyubako zo mu ngo, zikunda cyane cyane modules zikoresha ingufu nyinshi bitewe n’uburyo busanzwe bwo gukodesha aho umwanya wo gukodesha ukunze gukodeshwa kuri module imwe. Ku bahanga, modules zikoresha ingufu nyinshi ntizigabanya gusa ikiguzi cyo gukodesha ahubwo zinagabanya ikiguzi cyo kuringaniza sisitemu (BOS), bityo bigateza imbere cyane ikoreshwa ryazo.
2. Iterambere rikomeye muri module za N-TOPCon
Ihinduka ryihuse ry’ikoranabuhanga rya P-type na N-TOPCon rigaragara ku isoko rya PV rikwirakwijwe. Dukurikije imibare ya InfoLink, imigabane y’isoko rya module za P-type na N-TOPCon yari hafi 71% na 27%, uko bikurikirana, mu 2023. Ariko, module za N-TOPCon ziteganijwe kuzamuka vuba zikagera kuri 79% muri uyu mwaka.
Ku isoko ryakwirakwijwe, ibitekerezo by’abakora module bigaragaza ko ibicuruzwa bya N-TOPCon bishobora kuba bifite 60% by’isoko rya PV ryakwirakwijwe muri uyu mwaka, aho umuvuduko wo kongeramo urenze cyane ibyo byari byitezwe.
3. Ibisabwa bitandukanye ku isoko byitabwaho
Ubudasa bw'imiterere ya PV ikwirakwizwa bugena ibisabwa bitandukanye by'ibicuruzwa, bigatuma abakora ibintu bahora bahanga udushya. Urugero, mu gukemura ikibazo cyo kwirundanya kw'umukungugu mu nganda za PV zikwirakwizwa, amasosiyete nka LONGi, Jinko, na Trina yashyizeho modules zirwanya ivumbi. Ku bidukikije bikonje kandi bishyushye, LONGi yatangije ibicuruzwa bishya birwanya ubushuhe.
Byongeye kandi, modules zoroshye zigenda ziyongera kwitabwaho, aho amasosiyete akomeye arimo Nanjing Daily Photovoltaic, SunMan, na Pinsine Solar. Nk’uko aya masosiyete abivuga, amasoko y’ibanze ya modules zoroshye zigenda ziyongera arimo ibisenge bifite imitwaro ibuzanye n’inyubako zigoramye. Kuri ubu, izi modules zishobora kugera kuri 500W+ mu ngufu ariko igiciro cyazo kiri hejuru y’inshuro ebyiri kurusha modules zisanzwe.
4. Ibibazo by'Ubwiza hagati y'Intambara z'Ibiciro
Kuva mu gice cya kabiri cy'umwaka ushize, bitewe no kuzamuka k'ubushobozi n'ihiganwa ku isoko, ibiciro bya module za PV byaragabanutse, aho igiciro cya module za P-type cyagabanutse kiri munsi ya 0.8 RMB kuri watt mu mpera z'umwaka ushize. Mu imurikagurisha rya Shandong PV riherutse kubera, amwe mu masosiyete yamamazaga atinyutse "module za 0.7+ RMB/W." Ariko, abitabiriye imurikagurisha bagaragaje ko bimwe mu bicuruzwa bitageze ku mbaraga ntarengwa zatangajwe. Nubwo ibiciro bishobora kumanuka bikagera kuri 0.6 RMB/W cyangwa bikagabanuka, kubahiriza amategeko n'ubwiza bw'ibi bicuruzwa birashidikanywaho.
Bityo, ni ngombwa ko abashoramari ba PV n'abafite ubwikorezi bahitamo neza ibirango byemewe kandi bakareba neza ubwiza bwa modules kugira ngo hirindwe igihombo kidakenewe.
5. Inverters z'ubucuruzi n'inganda zifite imbaraga nyinshi
Kugira ngo ibiciro bya sisitemu birusheho kugabanuka, inverters z’ubucuruzi n’inganda zirimo kuva kuri 110kW na 125kW zijya ku rwego rwo hejuru rw’ingufu, nka 150kW. Ibigo nka Sungrow, TBEA, Hiconics, na Growatt byerekanye inverters z’imigozi z’ubucuruzi za 150kW. Kugira ngo modules zikoresha ingufu nyinshi zikoreshwe, inverters zinjira zikomeje kwiyongera, aho inverters zimwe na zimwe z’imigozi zikomeye zikoresha zigera kuri 64 amp.
6. Kwihutisha guhuza grid
Ibitekerezo bitangwa n’abakora ibikoresho ndetse n’ababikora bigaragaza ko kimwe mu bintu bikomeye byatumye ubucuruzi bwa PV busubira vuba ari ukwihuta k’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi.
Kuva mu gice cya kabiri cy'umwaka ushize, intara nyinshi, zirimo Hebei, Shandong, Heilongjiang, Henan, Zhejiang, Guangdong, na Fujian, zatanze umuburo ku bijyanye n'ubushobozi bwo gutwara imiyoboro ya PV ikwirakwizwa. Mu turere twinshi, ubushobozi bushya ntibukiboneka. Kubera iyo mpamvu, guhuza imiyoboro ya PV byabaye igipimo gishya cyo guhangana n'imiyoboro ya PV ikwirakwizwa, aho ubushobozi bwo gutwara imiyoboro ya grid buba ikintu cy'ingenzi kigabanya ibikorwa bishya.
7. Irushanwa rikomeye rya Platform
Ku ruhande rumwe, hari ikibazo gikomeye cyo kubura ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza amashanyarazi mu miyoboro y'amashanyarazi; ku rundi ruhande, hari ubwiyongere bw'ibigo by'iterambere. Mu imurikagurisha ryabereye i Shandong honyine, hari ibigo birenga 30 bya platifomu za PV, uhereye ku bakora PV gakondo nka Chint Aneng, ishami rya Trina Solar ryo guturamo, n'ishami rya JA Solar rishinzwe ingufu zigezweho kugeza ku bigo by'ibikoresho byo mu rugo nka Skyworth PV, Haier Solar, TCL PV Technology, na Midea. Ibigo by'imbuga za platifomu byo mu gace nabyo birimo kwagura ubucuruzi bwabyo.
Ku bijyanye n'uburyo bw'ubucuruzi n'ibisubizo, hari amahitamo menshi, harimo kwishyura byuzuye inyubako zo guturamo, kubaka amakoperative, gukodesha ibikorwa, gukodesha byuzuye, amasezerano yo gucunga ingufu z'ubucuruzi (EMC), ishoramari ry'abafite, inyungu za zero-karuboni, n'imisoro y'amafaranga yose. Ibisubizo bikubiyemo ibisenge birambuye, ibisenge bihanamye, guhindura ibisenge bihanamye, igicucu cy'izuba, na photovoltaics ihuriweho n'inyubako (BIPV). Irushanwa hagati y'amapuratifomu rirakomeye, ritandukanye bitewe n'imikorere n'itangwa rya serivisi.
8. Amafaranga y'inyongera y'imiyoboro
Irushanwa rikomeye hagati y’amapuratifomu n’umutungo usanzwe wo ku gisenge cy’inzu risaba kwishingikiriza cyane ku bafatanyabikorwa b’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi ndetse n’amafaranga y’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi yongera. Bivugwa ko ku isoko ry’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi i Shandong, amafaranga y’ubuhuza ku gikoresho kimwe cy’amashanyarazi yiyongereye cyane akagera kuri 300-400 RMB umwaka ushize, yikuba kabiri ugereranyije n’ayo yari asanzweho.
Ku bijyanye na serivisi z’ubucuruzi n’inganda zo ku gisenge, amwe mu masosiyete yari mu imurikagurisha rya Shandong yashyize ahagaragara amafaranga angana na "0.05-0.3 RMB/W."
9. Uburyo bwo guhuza ibintu butuma umuntu yitabwaho cyane
Bitewe n'imbogamizi ku bushobozi bwo gushyiraho PV ikwirakwizwa bitewe n'ubushobozi buke bwo guhuza gridi, leta n'abashinzwe iterambere barimo gushakisha inzira zo kuvugurura. Kubera iyo mpamvu, uburyo bwo guhuza ibyuma burimo kuba ikintu cy'ingenzi mu kwamamaza ibigo, aho ibigo byinshi byerekana intero igira iti "Shyiramo nta mwanya uhagije."
Guhuza ingufu zihagije bivuga guhuza inganda nyinshi za PV zo ku gisenge cy’amazu binyuze mu nzira ihuza ingufu, hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byo kongera ingufu kugira ngo byongere ingufu z’amashanyarazi kugira ngo byongere ingufu z’amashanyarazi bihuzwe n’urukuta rw’amashanyarazi. Ubu buryo bukurikiza ibisabwa mu guhuza ingufu zidasanzwe z’amashanyarazi n’uburyo bwo gucunga inyubako. Bukwiriye imiyoboro ikwirakwiza ingufu nke z’amashanyarazi idafite ubushobozi bw’inyongera, aho sitasiyo y’amashanyarazi ishyigikira ishoramari rya transfoma, kandi sitasiyo yo hejuru ifite ubushobozi buhagije, ndetse no mu iterambere ry’ibisenge by’amazu mu mudugudu wose mu duce twinshi.
10. Ububiko bw'ibikoresho byo gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa bwinjira ku isoko
Uretse aho transformer zihurira cyane, indi nzira yo kwagura ubushobozi bwa transformer ni ububiko bwa transformer zikwirakwiza, akenshi zishyirwa ku dusanduku dukwirakwiza ingufu cyangwa mu turere twa transformer. Ingufu zirenze zitangwa na PV zikwirakwiza zishobora kubikwa mu buryo butaziguye mu buryo bwo kubika ingufu zidanyuze muri transformer, bityo bigakemura ikibazo cy'ubushobozi buke bwa transformer. Bishobora kandi gukemura ihindagurika ry'umutwaro ako kanya n'ibikenewe cyane mu muyoboro w'itumanaho, bikongera ubudahangarwa bw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi.
Dukurikije ibipimo by’inganda, hamwe n’igipimo cyo kubika cya 15%, sisitemu yo kubika ingufu ya 200kW/400kWh ishobora kongera ubushobozi bwo guteza imbere PV ikwirakwizwaho hafi 1.2MW, hamwe n’ikiguzi cya sisitemu yo kubika cyongeraho hagati ya 0.4-0.5 RMB/W.
Mu gusoza, umwaka wa 2024 ni undi mwaka w'ingenzi ku bijyanye na PV ikwirakwizwa. Iterambere ryiza kandi rirambye ry'inganda rishingiye ku mabwiriza ya politiki aturuka ku nzego zose za leta ndetse n'ibisubizo bishya n'uburyo bw'ubucuruzi buturuka ku bakinnyi benshi b'inganda, bigafasha abafatanyabikorwa bose kandi bigashyigikira gahunda za zero-carbon.
