Phakathi kwegagasi lokuguquka kwamandla kanye nentuthuko esimeme, ama-photovoltaic asakazwayo (ama-PV) ashintsha ngokushesha izindawo zamandla omhlaba njengengxenye ebalulekile yamandla ahlanzekile. Ngokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukwesekwa kwenqubomgomo okuqhubekayo, kanye nesidingo esikhulayo semakethe, umkhakha we-PV osakazwayo ubona izitayela ezintsha nezibalulekile.
1. Amamojula Anamandla Aphezulu Ophahleni
Ngaphansi kokuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe obusebenza kahle kakhulu, amandla amamojula e-PV akhula ngokushesha, kanti imikhiqizo engu-600W+ kanye ne-700W+ iba yimikhiqizo eyinhloko yezinkampani zamamojula. Amamojula anamandla aphezulu awathandwa nje kuphela yiziteshi zamandla ezifakwe phansi kodwa futhi asetshenziswa ngokushesha ekufakweni kophahla. Emibukisweni yezimboni, abakhiqizi bamamojula abahamba phambili bakhuthaze ngokusobala umqondo "wamamojula angu-700W+ ophahleni."
Ngokusho kwalaba bakhiqizi, ama-PV asatshalaliswa, ikakhulukazi ukufakwa kwezindlu zokuhlala, athanda kakhulu amamojula anamandla aphezulu ngenxa yemodeli yokuqasha evamile lapho kuqashwa khona isikhala sophahla ngemojula ngayinye. Kwabathuthukisi, amamojula anamandla aphezulu awagcini nje ngokunciphisa izindleko zokuqasha kodwa futhi anciphisa izindleko zebhalansi yesistimu (i-BOS), ngaleyo ndlela akhuthaza kakhulu ukwamukelwa kwawo.
2. Intuthuko Ebalulekile Kumamojula e-N-TOPCon
Ukushintshashintsha okusheshayo phakathi kobuchwepheshe be-P-type kanye ne-N-TOPCon kubonakala ngokufanayo emakethe ye-PV esatshalaliswayo. Ngokwezibalo ze-InfoLink, amasheya emakethe amamojula e-P-type kanye ne-N-TOPCon ayecishe abe ngu-71% kanye no-27%, ngokulandelana, ngo-2023. Kodwa-ke, amamojula e-N-TOPCon kulindeleke ukuthi akhuphuke ngokushesha afike ku-79% kulo nyaka.
Emakethe esatshalaliswe, impendulo evela kubakhiqizi bamamojula ikhombisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ye-N-TOPCon ingaba ngaphezu kuka-60% wemakethe ye-PV esatshalaliswe kulo nyaka, kanti ijubane lokuphindaphinda lidlula kakhulu okulindelwe.
3. Izidingo Ezihlukahlukene Zemakethe Zithola Ukunakwa
Ukuhlukahluka kwezimo ze-PV ezisatshalaliswayo kunquma izidingo zomkhiqizo ezahlukahlukene, okuqhuba abakhiqizi ukuthi bathuthukise njalo. Isibonelo, ekubhekaneni nenkinga yokuqongelela uthuli ezitshalweni ze-PV ezisatshalaliswayo, izinkampani ezifana ne-LONGI, i-Jinko, ne-Trina zethule amamojula alwa nothuli. Ezindaweni ezinomswakama nezishisayo, i-LONGI yethule imikhiqizo emisha engamelani nomswakama.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amamojula aguquguqukayo alula ayathola ukunakwa, nezinkampani ezihamba phambili ezifaka phakathi i-Nanjing Daily Photovoltaic, i-SunMan, ne-Pinsine Solar. Ngokusho kwalezi zinkampani, izimakethe eziyinhloko zamamojula aguquguqukayo alula afaka uphahla olunemikhawulo yomthwalo kanye nezakhiwo ezigobile. Njengamanje, lawa mamojula angafinyelela ku-500W+ ngamandla kodwa anentengo ephindwe kabili kunamamojula avamile.
4. Ukukhathazeka Ngekhwalithi Phakathi Kwezimpi Zamanani
Kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yonyaka odlule, ngenxa yokususwa kwamandla kanye nokuncintisana emakethe, amanani e-PV module ehlile, intengo yamamojula ohlobo lwe-P yehla ngaphansi kuka-0.8 RMB nge-watt ekupheleni konyaka odlule. Embukisweni wakamuva we-Shandong PV, ezinye izinkampani zakhangisa ngesibindi "amamojula angu-0.7+ RMB/W." Kodwa-ke, ababekhona embukisweni baveze ukuthi eminye imikhiqizo ayizange ifinyelele amandla aphezulu akhangisiwe. Nakuba amanani engase ehle afike ku-0.6 RMB/W noma aphansi kakhulu, ukuhambisana nekhwalithi yale mikhiqizo kuyangabazeka.
Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi abatshalizimali be-PV abasatshalaliswe kanye nabanikazi bakhethe ngokuqinile imikhiqizo ehloniphekile futhi bahlole ngokucophelela ikhwalithi yamamojula ukuze bagweme ukulahlekelwa okungadingekile.
5. Ama-Inverter Ezentengiselwano Nezimboni Anamandla Aphezulu
Ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zesistimu, ama-inverter ezentengiselwano nezimboni asuka ku-110kW kanye no-125kW aya emazingeni aphezulu amandla, njenge-150kW. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Sungrow, i-TBEA, i-Hiconics, kanye ne-Growat zibonise ama-inverter ezintambo zentengiselwano angu-150kW. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane namamojula anamandla aphezulu, ugesi wokufaka wama-inverter uyaqhubeka nokwanda, kanti amanye ama-inverter ezintambo angu-110kW ezinkampanini ezihamba phambili afinyelela ugesi wokufaka ophezulu wama-amps angu-64.
6. Ukusheshisa Ukuxhumeka Kwegridi
Impendulo evela kubakhiqizi bemishini kanye nabathuthukisi ikhombisa ukuthi enye into ebalulekile ebangela ukululama okusheshayo kwebhizinisi le-PV elisatshalaliswa ukuphuthuma kokuxhumeka kwegridi.
Kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yonyaka odlule, izifundazwe eziningana, okuhlanganisa iHebei, iShandong, iHeilongjiang, iHenan, iZhejiang, iGuangdong, kanye neFujian, zikhiphe izixwayiso mayelana nomthamo wokuthwala wokuxhumeka kwegridi ye-PV esabalalisiwe. Ezindaweni eziningi, umthamo omusha awusatholakali. Ngenxa yalokho, uxhumano lwegridi selube uphawu olusha lokuncintisana kwe-PV esabalalisiwe, kanti umthamo wokuthwala igridi uba yinto ebalulekile ekhawulela ukufakwa okusha.
7. Ukuncintisana Okukhulu Kwepulatifomu
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ukuntuleka okukhulu kwamandla okufaka ugesi; ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ukwanda kwezinkampani zentuthuko. Embukisweni waseShandong kuphela, kwakukhona izinkampani zeplatifomu ze-PV ezisatshalaliswa ezingaphezu kuka-30, kusukela kubathuthukisi be-PV bendabuko njengoChint Aneng, uphiko lwezindlu lukaTrina Solar, kanye nesigaba samandla ahlakaniphile se-JA Solar kuya ezinkampanini zemishini yasekhaya ezifana neSkyworth PV, Haier Solar, TCL PV Technology, kanye neMidea. Izinkampani zeplatifomu zasendaweni nazo zandisa amabhizinisi azo.
Ngokuphathelene namamodeli ebhizinisi nezixazululo, kunezinketho eziningi, okuhlanganisa inkokhelo egcwele yokufakwa kwezindlu, ukwakhiwa ngokubambisana, ukuqashisa okusebenzayo, ukuqashisa okumsulwa, izinkontileka zokuphathwa kwamandla ezentengiselwano (i-EMC), ukutshalwa kwezimali kwabanikazi, izinzuzo ze-zero-carbon, kanye nezindleko zokungenisa ngokugcwele. Izixazululo zihlanganisa uphahla oluyisicaba, uphahla oluthambekele, ukuguqulwa kophahla oluyisicaba oluya koluthambekele, imithunzi yelanga, kanye ne-photovoltaics ehlanganisiwe yesakhiwo (i-BIPV). Ukuncintisana phakathi kwamapulatifomu kukhulu, kuyahlukahluka kusukela ezinqubweni kuya ezinsizeni.
8. Izimali Ezikhuphukayo Zesiteshi
Ukuncintisana okukhulu phakathi kwamapulatifomu kanye nezinsizakusebenza zophahla ezisakazeke kabanzi kudinga ukuthembela okukhulu kubalingani beziteshi kanye nokwenyuka kwezimali zeziteshi. Kubikwa ukuthi, emakethe ye-PV yokuhlala eShandong, izimali zomlamuleli zephaneli elilodwa le-PV zikhuphuke zaya ku-300-400 RMB ngonyaka odlule, ziphindwe kabili kunezinga langaphambilini.
Ngezinsizakalo zokuxhumanisa ophahleni lwezentengiselwano nezezimboni, ezinye izinkampani embukisweni waseShandong zikhangise ngokusobala izimali ezingu-"0.05-0.3 RMB/W."
9. Imodi Yokuhlangana Okugxilile Ithola Ukunakwa
Ngenxa yemingcele emandleni okufakwa kwe-PV esatshalaliswa ngenxa yomthamo wokuxhumeka kwegridi olinganiselwe, uhulumeni kanye nabathuthukisi bahlola izindlela ezintsha. Ngenxa yalokho, imodi yokuhlangana okugxilile iba yinto ebalulekile ekugxilwe kuyo ezinkampanini, lapho izinkampani eziningana zesikhulumi zibonisa isiqubulo esithi "Faka ngaphandle kwemingcele yesikhala."
Ukuhlangana okugxilile kubhekisela ekuxhumeni izitshalo eziningi ze-PV zophahla lwezindlu ngokusebenzisa umzila wokuhlangana, kusetshenziswa imishini yokukhulisa amandla ukuze kuhlanganiswe ukukhulisa amandla kagesi ukuze kuxhunywe igridi. Le ndlela ilandela izidingo zokuxhumeka kwegridi okungeyona eyemvelo yomuntu kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha ukwakhiwa. Ifanele amanethiwekhi okusabalalisa amandla aphansi angenawo amandla engeziwe, lapho isiteshi sikagesi sisekela ukutshalwa kwezimali kwe-transformer, kanti isiteshi esincane esisezingeni eliphezulu sinamandla anele, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kophahla lwedolobha lonke ezindaweni ezigxile kakhulu.
10. Isitoreji Sokudlulisa Ukusabalalisa Singena Emakethe
Ngaphandle kokuhlangana okugxilile, enye indlela yokufinyelela ekunwetshweni komthamo we-transformer isitoreji se-distribution transformer, esivame ukufakwa eziteshini zokusabalalisa amandla noma ngaphakathi kwezifunda ze-transformer. Amandla amaningi akhiqizwa yi-PV esakazwayo angagcinwa ngqo ezinhlelweni zokugcina amandla ngaphandle kokudlula kuma-transformer, ngaleyo ndlela kuxazululwe inkinga yokulinganiselwa komthamo we-transformer. Kungaphinde kubhekane nokushintshashintsha komthwalo okusheshayo kanye nezidingo zomthwalo ophezulu kunethiwekhi yokusabalalisa, kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza kwegridi.
Ngokusho kwezilinganiso zemboni, ngesilinganiso sokugcina esingu-15%, uhlelo lokugcina amandla olungu-200kW/400kWh lungandisa umthamo wokuthuthukiswa kwe-PV esabalele cishe ngo-1.2MW, kanti izindleko zesistimu yokugcina zingeza cishe u-0.4-0.5 RMB/W.
Ekuphetheni, u-2024 uphawula omunye unyaka obalulekile we-PV esatshalaliswayo. Intuthuko enempilo neqhubekayo yemboni incike emithethweni yenqubomgomo evela kuzo zonke izigaba zikahulumeni kanye nezixazululo ezintsha kanye namamodeli ebhizinisi avela kubadlali abaningi embonini, okuzuzisa bonke abathintekayo kanye nokusekela izinhlelo ezingenayo i-carbon.
