I waenganui i te ngaru o te whakawhiti pūngao me te whanaketanga tauwhiro, kei te tere te hanga hou o ngā photovoltaics tohatoha (PV) i ngā whenua pūngao o te ao hei wāhanga nui o te pūngao ma. Mā te auahatanga hangarau tonu, te tautoko kaupapa here tonu, me te tipu haere o te tono mākete, kei te kite te rāngai PV tohatoha i ngā au hou me ngā au nui.
1. Ngā Wāhanga Mana-Tiketike i runga i ngā Tuanui
I raro i te whakaurunga o ngā hangarau tino whai hua, kei te tere piki haere te mana o ngā waeine PV, ā, ko ngā hua 600W+ me 700W+ ngā mea matua e tukuna ana e ngā kamupene waeine. Ehara i te mea ko ngā teihana hiko whenua anake te mea e paingia ana e ngā waeine hiko teitei, engari kei te tere hoki te whakamahi mō ngā tāutanga tuanui. I ngā whakaaturanga ahumahi, kua whakatairangahia e ngā kaihanga waeine matua te ariā o "ngā waeine 700W+ i runga i ngā tuanui."
E ai ki ēnei kaihanga, ko ngā PV tohatoha, inā koa ko ngā whakaurunga whare noho, e tino pai ake ana ki ngā waeine hiko-teitei nā te mea he tauira reti whānui e retihia ana te wāhi tuanui mō ia waeine. Mō ngā kaiwhakawhanake, ko ngā waeine hiko-teitei ehara i te mea ka whakaiti i ngā utu reti engari ka whakaitihia hoki ngā utu toenga o te pūnaha (BOS), ā, ka tino whakatairanga i te whakamahinga o ēnei waeine.
2. Ngā Whakatairanga Hiranga i roto i ngā Kōwae N-TOPCon
E kitea ana hoki te tere o te whakawhiti i waenga i ngā hangarau momo-P me ngā hangarau N-TOPCon i roto i te mākete PV tohatoha. E ai ki ngā tatauranga a InfoLink, ko te hea mākete o ngā waeine momo-P me ngā waeine N-TOPCon he tata ki te 71% me te 27% i te tau 2023. Heoi, e matapaetia ana ka tere te pikinga o ngā waeine N-TOPCon ki te 79% i tēnei tau.
I roto i te mākete tohatoha, e whakaatu ana ngā urupare mai i ngā kaihanga kōwae tera pea e kapi ana ngā hua N-TOPCon i te neke atu i te 60% o te mākete PV tohatoha i tēnei tau, ā, ko te tere o te whakahoutanga kua hipa ake i ngā tumanakohanga.
3. Ka arohia ngā tono mākete kanorau
Ko te kanorau o ngā āhuatanga PV tohatoha e whakatau ana i ngā whakaritenga hua rerekē, e akiaki ana i ngā kaihanga ki te auaha tonu. Hei tauira, i te aro atu ki te take kohikohi puehu i roto i ngā tipu PV tohatoha, kua whakauruhia e ngā kamupene pēnei i a LONGi, Jinko, me Trina ngā waeine ārai-puehu. Mō ngā taiao makuku me te wera, kua whakarewahia e LONGi ngā hua hou ātete-makuku.
Hei tāpiritanga, kei te piki haere te aro ki ngā waeine ngāwari māmā, tae atu ki ngā kamupene matua tae atu ki a Nanjing Daily Photovoltaic, SunMan, me Pinsine Solar. E ai ki ēnei kamupene, ko ngā mākete matua mō ngā waeine ngāwari māmā ko ngā tuanui he here kawenga me ngā whare piko. I tēnei wā, ka taea e ēnei waeine te eke ki te 500W+ te mana engari he rua te utu i ngā waeine tikanga.
4. Ngā Āwangawanga Kounga i Waenganui i ngā Pakanga Utu
Mai i te haurua tuarua o te tau kua hipa, nā te whakawātea i te kaha me te whakataetae mākete, kua tino heke ngā utu mō ngā waeine PV, ā, kua heke te utu mō ngā waeine momo-P ki raro iho i te 0.8 RMB ia watt i te mutunga o te tau kua hipa. I te whakaaturanga PV Shandong tata nei, i maia te pānuitanga a ētahi kamupene i ngā "waeine 0.7+ RMB/W." Heoi, i whakaatu ngā tāngata i tae ki te whakaaturanga kāore ētahi hua i eke ki te mana mōrahi i pānuitia. Ahakoa ka taea e ngā utu te heke ki te 0.6 RMB/W, ki raro iho rānei, he ruarua te tutuki me te kounga o ēnei hua.
Nō reira, he mea nui kia tino whiriwhiria e ngā kaipupuri moni me ngā rangatira o ngā PV tohatoha ngā waitohu rongonui, kia tino tirohia hoki te kounga o te waeine hei karo i ngā mate koretake.
5. Ngā Hurihuri Arumoni me te Ahumahi Mana Teitei
Hei whakaiti ake i ngā utu pūnaha, kei te neke ngā inverters arumoni me ngā inverters ahumahi mai i te 110kW me te 125kW matua ki ngā taumata mana teitei ake, pērā i te 150kW. I whakaatuhia e ngā kamupene pērā i a Sungrow, TBEA, Hiconics, me Growatt ngā inverters aho arumoni 150kW. Hei whakauru i ngā waeine mana-teitei, kei te piki haere tonu te ia tāuru o ngā inverters, ā, ko ētahi o ngā inverters aho 110kW a ētahi o ngā kamupene matua e eke ana ki te ia tāuru mōrahi o te 64 amps.
6. Te tere mō te hononga whatunga
E whakaatu ana ngā urupare mai i ngā kaihanga me ngā kaiwhakawhanake taputapu, ko te hiahia nui ki ngā hononga whatunga tētahi o ngā tino take nui mō te tere o te whakaoranga o te pakihi PV tohatoha.
Mai i te haurua tuarua o te tau kua hipa, he maha ngā kawanatanga, tae atu ki a Hebei, Shandong, Heilongjiang, Henan, Zhejiang, Guangdong, me Fujian, kua whakaputa whakatūpato mō te kaha kawe o ngā hononga whatunga hiko PV tohatoha. I roto i te maha o ngā rohe, kāore he kaha hou e wātea ana. Nō reira, kua noho te hononga whatunga hei paearu hou mō te whakataetae PV tohatoha, ā, ko te kaha kawe whatunga te mea nui e whakawhāiti ana i ngā whakaurunga hou.
7. Whakataetae Pūhara Kaha
I tētahi taha, he iti rawa te kaha mimiti o te whatunga hiko; i tētahi atu taha, he nui haere ngā kamupene whakawhanake. I te whakaaturanga Shandong anake, neke atu i te 30 ngā kamupene tūāpapa PV tohatoha, mai i ngā kaiwhakawhanake PV tuku iho pērā i a Chint Aneng, te peka noho o Trina Solar, me te wehenga pūngao atamai o JA Solar ki ngā kamupene taputapu kāinga pērā i a Skyworth PV, Haier Solar, TCL PV Technology, me Midea. Kei te whakawhānui ake hoki ngā kamupene tūāpapa ā-rohe i ā rātou pakihi ki waho.
Mō ngā tauira pakihi me ngā otinga, he maha ngā kōwhiringa, tae atu ki te utu katoa mō ngā whakaurunga whare noho, te hanganga mahi tahi, te riihi whakahaere, te riihi parakore, ngā kirimana whakahaere pūngao arumoni (EMC), ngā haumitanga a te rangatira, ngā painga waro-kore, me ngā utu whāngai-katoa. Ka kapi i ngā otinga ngā tuanui papatahi, ngā tuanui piki, ngā huringa tuanui papatahi-ki-piki, ngā ārai rā, me ngā photovoltaics whakauru-whare (BIPV). He kaha te whakataetae i waenga i ngā papaaho, he rerekē mai i ngā tukanga ki ngā ratonga.
8. Te Pikinga o ngā Utu Hongere
Nā te kaha o te whakataetae i waenga i ngā papaaho me ngā rauemi tuanui kua horapa whānuitia, ka nui te whakawhirinaki ki ngā hoa hongere, ā, ka piki ake ngā utu hongere. E ai ki ngā pūrongo, i roto i te mākete PV whare noho i Shandong, i piki ake ngā utu takawaenga mō tētahi panera PV kotahi ki te 300-400 RMB i te tau kua hipa, he rua te pikinga mai i ngā taumata o mua.
Mō ngā ratonga takawaenga tuanui arumoni me te ahumahi, i pānuitia e ētahi kamupene i te whakaaturanga Shandong he utu "0.05-0.3 RMB/W".
9. Ka Arohia te Aratau Huihuinga Kukū
I runga i ngā herenga o te pūmanawa tāutanga PV tohatoha nā te iti o te kaha hononga whatunga, kei te tūhura te kāwanatanga me ngā kaiwhakawhanake i ngā ara hou. Nō reira, kei te huri te aratau whakakotahitanga hei kaupapa whakatairanga matua mā ngā kamupene, me te whakaatu a ētahi kamupene tūāpapa i te pepeha "Tāuta me te kore he herenga wāhi."
Ko te hononga kukū e pā ana ki te hono i ngā tipu PV tuanui maha mā te ara hononga, mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu whakanui hei whakakotahi i te whakanui hiko mō te hononga whatunga. E whai ana tēnei tikanga i ngā whakaritenga hononga whatunga kore-tangata tūturu me ngā kaupapa whakahaere hanga. He pai mō ngā whatunga tohatoha hiko iti kāore he kaha tāpiri, ina tautoko te teihana tuku hiko i te haumitanga whakawhiti hiko, ā, he nui te kaha o te teihana hiko taumata-runga, tae atu ki te whanaketanga tuanui puta noa i te kāinga i ngā wāhi kukū.
10. Ka tomo te Pūnaha Rokiroki Whakawhiti Tohatoha ki te Mākete
Haunga te huihuinga kukū, ko tētahi atu ara hei whakatutuki i te whakawhānui i te kaha o te whakawhiti hiko ko te rokiroki whakawhiti hiko tohatoha, e tāutahia ana i ngā teihana tohatoha hiko, i roto rānei i ngā rohe whakawhiti hiko. Ka taea te penapena tika i te kaha taikaha i whakaputaina e te PV tohatoha ki roto i ngā pūnaha rokiroki hiko me te kore e haere i roto i ngā whakawhiti hiko, ā, ka whakatauhia te raruraru o ngā herenga kaha o te whakawhiti hiko. Ka taea hoki e ia te whakatika i ngā piki me ngā heke o te kawenga i roto i te whatunga tohatoha, ka whakarei ake i te pumau o te whatunga hiko.
E ai ki ngā whakatau tata a te umanga, me te ōwehenga rokiroki o te 15%, ka taea e te pūnaha rokiroki pūngao 200kW/400kWh te whakanui ake i te kaha whanaketanga PV tohatoha mā te 1.2MW pea, me te utu pūnaha rokiroki e tāpiri ana ki te 0.4-0.5 RMB/W pea.
Hei whakamutunga, ko te tau 2024 tētahi atu tau nui mō te PV tohatoha. Ko te whanaketanga hauora me te pumau o te umanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā ture kaupapa here mai i ngā taumata katoa o te kāwanatanga me ngā otinga auaha me ngā tauira pakihi mai i te tini o ngā kaitākaro umanga, e whai hua ana ki ngā kaipupuri katoa me te tautoko i ngā kaupapa kore-waro.
