Maselo a Photovoltaic (PV) nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu za semiconductor monga silicon ndipo amakhala ndi ma electrode abwino ndi oipa. Akakumana ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa, mphamvu ya photovoltaic imachitika, nthawi yomweyo imasintha mphamvu ya kuwala kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi mu mawonekedwe a direct current (DC). Magetsi awa amatha kusungidwa m'mabatire kapena kusinthidwa kukhala alternating current (AC) kudzera mu inverter kuti akwaniritse zosowa zosiyanasiyana za mphamvu. Maselo a PV nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa motsatizana kapena motsatizana ndi ma module, omwe kenako amasonkhanitsidwa m'magulu kuti atulutse mphamvu zambiri.
1. Maselo a Aluminium Back Surface Field (BSF)
Kapangidwe ndi Mfundo
Maselo a BSF ndi mtundu wamba wa maselo a dzuwa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chophimba cha aluminiyamu ngati electrode yakumbuyo. Izi zimapanga mphamvu yamagetsi yakumbuyo yomwe imathandiza kuyendetsa ma elekitironi kupita ku electrode yakumbuyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu zisinthe bwino. Njira yopangirayi imaphatikizapo kuyika phosphorous pamwamba pa silicon kuti apange dera la mtundu wa N, kugwiritsa ntchito filimu kapena chophimba kuti apange dera la mtundu wa P kutsogolo, ndikupanga pn junction. Pomaliza, ma grid achitsulo amawonjezedwa kuti asonkhanitse mphamvu.
Mbiri ya Chitukuko
Maselo a BSF omwe adaperekedwa koyamba mu 1973 anali kapangidwe ka maselo a silicon opangidwa ndi kristalo. Pofika mu 2016, anali oposa 90% ya gawo la msika.
Ubwino
Maselo a BSF ndi odziwika bwino chifukwa cha kusavuta kwawo, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama, komanso ukadaulo wawo wokhwima.
2. Maselo a PERC
Kutchula Dzina Chiyambi
PERC imayimira Passivated Emitter ndi Rear Cell.
Njira ndi Magwiridwe Antchito
Pogwiritsa ntchito maselo achikhalidwe a BSF, ukadaulo wa PERC umawonjezera njira ziwiri zofunika: kusuntha kumbuyo ndi kutsegula kwa laser, zomwe zimawonjezera kwambiri magwiridwe antchito. Njira yopangirayi ikuphatikizapo kuyeretsa ndi kukonza ma wafer, kufalitsa ma pn junctions, kugwiritsa ntchito laser kwa ma emitter osankhidwa, kusuntha kumbuyo, kuboola kwa laser, kusindikiza pazenera, kusuntha, ndi kuyesa.
Ubwino
Maselo a PERC ali ndi kapangidwe kosavuta, njira yopangira yaifupi, komanso kukhwima kwa zida.
3. Maselo a Heterojunction (HJT)
Kapangidwe
Maselo a HJT ndi maselo a dzuwa osakanikirana omwe amaphatikiza ma crystalline silicon substrates ndi mafilimu a silicon amorphous. Amaphatikiza zigawo za silicon zamkati zomwe sizili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana kuti zisinthe malo akutsogolo ndi akumbuyo. Kapangidwe kake kamakhala ndi substrate ya silicon yamtundu wa N, gawo la silicon la Pi amorphous kumbali yowunikira, gawo la silicon la iN amorphous kumbuyo, ndi ma electrode owonekera ndi mabasi mbali zonse ziwiri. Awa ndi maselo a bifacial.
Ubwino
Maselo a HJT ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, kuchepa kwa kutentha, kutentha kochepa, kusinthasintha kwakukulu, njira zosavuta, komanso kuyenerera ma wafers owonda.
4. Ma TOPCon Cells
Mfundo Zaukadaulo
Maselo a TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact) amachokera ku mfundo yosankha yonyamulira. Ali ndi gawo lochepa kwambiri la silicon oxide ndi gawo la silicon lomwe lili kumbuyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe olumikizana opanda mphamvu. Izi zimachepetsa kuyanjana kwa pamwamba ndi chitsulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maselo a N-PERT azitha kugwira ntchito bwino.
Zinthu Zokhudza Njira
Maselo a TOPCon amagwiritsa ntchito ma substrates a silicon amtundu wa N ndipo amafunika kusintha kochepa pa mizere yopangira ya mtundu wa P yomwe ilipo, monga kuwonjezera zida zotulutsira boron ndi thin-film. Amachotsa kufunikira kwa malo otseguka kumbuyo ndi kulumikizana, kupangitsa kuti kupanga kukhale kosavuta komanso kukulitsa kuyanjana ndi njira za PERC ndi N-PERT.
Ubwino
Maselo a TOPCon amawonongeka pang'ono, amakhala ndi nkhope ziwiri, komanso kutentha kochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magetsi azigwira bwino ntchito m'mafakitale opanga mphamvu ya dzuwa.
5. Maselo a IBC
Kapangidwe ndi Mfundo
Maselo a Interdigitated Back Contact (IBC) amasuntha mizere yonse ya gridi ya ma electrode yakutsogolo kupita kumbuyo, kukonza malo olumikizirana a pn ndi zolumikizirana zachitsulo munjira yolumikizirana. Izi zimachepetsa mthunzi ndikuwonjezera kuyamwa kwa kuwala. Popanda zolumikizirana zachitsulo zakutsogolo, maselo a IBC amapereka malo akuluakulu ogwirira ntchito kuti photon isinthe.
Kuphatikiza Ukadaulo
Maselo a IBC amatha kugwirizana ndi matekinoloje ena monga PERC, TOPCon, HJT, ndi perovskite, ndikupanga maselo apamwamba osakanikirana monga "TBC" (TOPCon-IBC) ndi "HBC" (HJT-IBC).
Kuthekera kwa Ntchito
Ndi kapangidwe kawo kokongola, ma IBC cell ndi oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ma photovoltaics omangidwa (BIPV) ndipo ali ndi mwayi waukulu wochita malonda.
Mapeto
Mtundu uliwonse wa selo la PV uli ndi ubwino wapadera ndipo umachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupititsa patsogolo ukadaulo wamagetsi a dzuwa. Kudzera mu luso lopitilira, ukadaulo uwu ukuyendetsa kukula ndi kusintha kwa makampani opanga magetsi a dzuwa.
