Pakadali pano, pali mitundu ingapo yayikulu ya ukadaulo wa maselo a dzuwa:
1. Ukadaulo wa maselo a dzuwa a silicon wopangidwa ndi kristalo
Iyi ndi njira yodziwika bwino yogwiritsira ntchito ma solar cell, yomwe ili ndi magulu awiri akuluakulu: mono-crystalline silicon ndi poly-crystalline silicon.
Silikoni ya Mono-crystalline (Mono-Si): Mapanelo opangidwa kuchokera ku makristalo a silikoni amodzi amapereka mphamvu zambiri (pafupifupi 18%-22%), ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amakhala okwera mtengo kwambiri. Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimapezeka m'mapanelo a Mono-Si ndi mawonekedwe awo akuda okhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana osalala pamwamba.
Poly-Silicon (Poly-Si kapena Multi-Si): Mapanelo opangidwa ndi zidutswa zingapo za makristalo a silicon, osagwira ntchito bwino pang'ono kuposa mono-crystalline silicon (pafupifupi 15-17%), komanso otsika mtengo. Mapanelo a Poly-Si nthawi zambiri amakhala abuluu ndipo amakhala ndi malo owoneka ngati zidutswa zophatikizidwa pamodzi.
2. Ukadaulo wa maselo a dzuwa opyapyala
Maselo a dzuwa opyapyala amapangidwa kuchokera ku gawo limodzi kapena angapo a zinthu zopyapyala za solar panels.
Silicon Yopanda Mphamvu (a-Si): ndi ukadaulo wochepa wa maselo a dzuwa womwe umagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri kuposa silicon yopangidwa ndi kristalo (pafupifupi 6%-8%), koma ukhoza kugwira ntchito bwino m'malo opanda kuwala komanso pamtengo wotsika.
Cadmium Tellurium (CdTe): ili ndi mphamvu yapamwamba pakati pa ukadaulo wa filimu yopyapyala (pafupifupi 10-16%), ndipo imatha kupangidwa pamtengo wotsika.
Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS): Pakadali pano imaonedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa njira zamakono zopanga filimu yopyapyala kwambiri, yokhala ndi mphamvu yogwira ntchito mpaka 21% kapena kuposerapo, koma yokhala ndi ndalama zambiri komanso zovuta zopangira.
3. Ukadaulo wa Ma cell a dzuwa Ogwira Ntchito Mwachangu
Maukadaulo amenewa nthawi zambiri amapereka mphamvu zambiri zosinthira mphamvu pamtengo wokwera ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'mafakitale opanga mphamvu za dzuwa kapena m'malo akuluakulu oyendera dzuwa.
Maselo Olumikizana Ambiri: Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo zingapo za ma solar panels, chilichonse chimatenga kutalika kosiyana kwa mafunde a kuwala. Ukadaulo uwu ukhoza kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwana 40%, koma ndi wokwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri sugwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba kapena m'mabizinesi.
4. Ukadaulo watsopano komanso watsopano
Pamene kafukufuku akupita patsogolo, ukadaulo watsopano wa maselo a dzuwa ukupangidwa, monga:
Maselo a Dzuwa a Perovskite: Zipangizo zatsopano zogwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka Perovskite zomwe zili ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso mtengo wotsika, koma zikadali mu gawo lofufuza la labotale ndipo sizinagulitsidwe pamlingo waukulu.
Ku US, njira zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamakina a dzuwa okhala m'nyumba:
Ukadaulo wa silicon wa kristalo:kuphatikiza silicon ya mono-crystalline (Mono-Si) ndi silicon ya poly-crystalline (Poly-Si kapena Multi-Si). Maukadaulo awiriwa ndi ukadaulo wodziwika bwino wa maselo a dzuwa pamsika masiku ano, wokhala ndi njira zodziwika bwino zopangira, mphamvu zambiri zosinthira, komanso magwiridwe antchito odalirika kwa nthawi yayitali.
Selo ya dzuwa ya monocrystalline:Maselo a dzuwa a mono-crystalline amadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi, nthawi zambiri amakhala pakati pa 18% ndi 22%. Mapanelo awa ali ndi mphamvu zopangira magetsi ambiri ngakhale m'malo ochepa okhala ndi denga. Ngakhale kuti amabwera ndi mtengo wokwera poyamba, pakapita nthawi, amatha kupereka mphamvu zambiri chifukwa cha luso lawo lapamwamba.
Mapanelo a dzuwa a poly-crystalline:Ma solar panels a poly-crystalline ali ndi nthawi yogwira ntchito bwino yomwe ili pakati pa 15% ndi 17%. Ma solar panels awa ndi chisankho chotsika mtengo kwa mabanja omwe amasamala za ndalama. Ndi osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo ndi njira yotsika mtengo kwa iwo omwe akufuna kusunga ndalama.
Ukadaulo wa maselo a dzuwa opyapyala:Poyerekeza ndi ma crystalline silicon panels, ukadaulo wa solar wa thin-film sugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'nyumba zosungiramo mphamvu ya dzuwa. Komabe, umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mikhalidwe yapadera. Ngakhale kuti sugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'nyumba zokhazikika, umagwira ntchito m'malo enaake. Ukadaulo wa thin-film (monga CdTe ndi CIGS) umapereka ndalama zochepa zopangira komanso ntchito zosinthasintha, koma nthawi zambiri sugwira ntchito bwino ndipo umatenga malo ambiri.
Zipangizo zamakono zatsopano monga maselo a dzuwa a chalcogenide zikukulanso pamene makampani opanga magetsi a dzuwa akukula, koma sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamsika wamagetsi a dzuwa m'nyumba.
Mwachizolowezi, kusankha ukadaulo nthawi zambiri kumadalira zosowa za mphamvu za nyumba, momwe denga lilili, bajeti yake, komanso zomwe amakonda pakugwiritsa ntchito bwino komanso kukongola kwake.
Ma solar panels a mono-crystalline akuwona kufunikira kwakukulu chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito bwino kwawo komanso mawonekedwe awo okongola ku United States. Komabe, chisankho chenicheni chiyenera kupangidwa potengera mfundo zothandizira za dzuwa zakomweko, ndalama zamagetsi, ndi zinthu ndi ntchito za omwe amapereka.
