Inganda z’Ubushinwa zikoresha amashanyarazi aturuka kuri photovoltaic (PV) ziragaragara mu gihe cy’impinduka ku isi mu bijyanye n’ingufu. Ariko, mu myaka ya vuba aha, Amerika yakomeje gushyiraho imisoro ku bicuruzwa bya PV byo mu Bushinwa, kandi iyi gahunda iherutse kwaguka ikagera ku bihugu bine byo muri Aziya y’Amajyepfo y’Amajyepfo, bituma isoko ry’ibigo by’Ubushinwa bikoresha amashanyarazi aturuka kuri photovoltaic rirushaho kuba ingorabahizi. Mu ntangiriro za Nzeri, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zatangaje ko bimwe mu bicuruzwa by’Ubushinwa bikoresha amashanyarazi aturuka kuri photovoltaic bizamura imisoro nyuma y’igihe cya Amerika ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2024, Minisiteri y’Ubucuruzi ya Amerika (Ishami ry’Ubucuruzi) yatangaje ko mu bihugu bine byo muri Aziya y’Amajyepfo y’Amajyepfo (Kambodiya, Maleziya, Tayilande na Viyetinamu) hakozwe iperereza ku misoro ya CVD ku cyemezo cy’ibanze.
Dukurikije icyifuzo cya AD/CVD cyatanzwe mu ntangiriro z'uyu mwaka n'Inama z'Ubucuruzi bw'Ingufu z'Izuba z'Abanyamerika (AASMTC), Minisiteri y'Ubucuruzi ya Amerika izateganya gutangaza umwanzuro wa nyuma wo guhakana (CVD) muri Gashyantare 2025, nyuma yo gufata umwanzuro w'ibanze mu rubanza rwo kurwanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba.
Ubwo yari mu mpinduka mu ihindagurika ry’ingufu ku isi, inganda z’Ubushinwa zikoresha ingufu zikomoka kuri fotovoltaic nazo zasubiyemo urusobe rw’ibikoresho bikomoka kuri fotovoltaic ku isi. Ariko, Amerika yashyizeho imisoro ku bicuruzwa by’Ubushinwa bikoresha ingufu zikomoka kuri fotovoltaic, ndetse n’uburyo ibihugu bine byo muri Aziya y’Amajyepfo y’Amajyepfo byakwirakwijwe, bivuze ko ibigo by’Ubushinwa bikoresha ingufu zikomoka kuri fotovoltaic "binyuze" muri Aziya y’Amajyepfo y’Amajyepfo, ibihugu bine byoherejwe ku isoko rya Amerika byahagaritse, ku bigo by’Ubushinwa bikoresha ingufu zikomoka kuri fotovoltaic kugira ngo bitange imbogamizi zikomeye.
Ingaruka z'izamuka ry'imisoro muri Amerika
1. Izamuka ritunguranye ry'ibiciro byo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga
Imisoro ihanitse yatumye bigora ibicuruzwa bya PV byo mu Bushinwa kwinjira ku isoko rya Amerika. Harimo kandi imisoro ya 50% ku tunyangingo tw’izuba, ibyuma bya silicon wafer n’ibikoresho bya silicon, bituma ikiguzi cy’inganda cyiyongera cyane. Muri icyo gihe, iperereza ku kurwanya ijugunywa ry’amazi n’inkunga mu bihugu bine byo muri Aziya y’Amajyepfo y’Amajyepfo, bigatuma Aziya y’Amajyepfo y’Amajyepfo itakiri ibigo by’Abashinwa byohereza ibicuruzwa ku isoko rya Amerika, bigatuma ikiguzi cy’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga kizamuka mu buryo butaziguye.
2. Imigabane y'isoko igabanijwe
Kubera igitutu cy’imisoro iri hejuru, umubare n’ingano y’ibicuruzwa bya PV byo mu Bushinwa byoherezwa muri Amerika byaragabanutse cyane, kandi isoko rya Amerika risa n’aho ritagerwaho. Nk’uko imibare y’ikigo gishinzwe ubujyanama mu nganda Infolink Consulting ibigaragaza, kugeza mu 2023, uburyo nyamukuru bwo gutanga modules za photovoltaic zo muri Amerika buracyaturuka muri Aziya y’Amajyepfo y’Amajyepfo, bungana na 60% by’ibikenewe byose ku isoko rya Amerika, ibigo by’ubucuruzi bya PV byo mu Bushinwa mu miterere y’isoko mpuzamahanga byarahungabanye burundu.
3. Ihiganwa ry'inganda no kongera ingaruka
Uburayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bifashe ingamba zo kurinda ubucuruzi kugira ngo ibigo by’ubucuruzi byo mu Bushinwa byohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bikomere kandi bihanganye cyane imbere mu gihugu, bimwe mu bigo bitegeka kugabanya intambara y’ibiciro, ku buryo urwego rw’inyungu rwagabanutse cyane.
Kugeza ubu, intambwe z'inganda zikora amashanyarazi ya PV zo mu Bushinwa zakwirakwiriye mu bihugu birenga 100 n'uturere hirya no hino ku isi. Nubwo nyuma y'igihe kimwe "hakomeje kubura" kimwe, ariko ibigo by'Ubushinwa bikoresha amashanyarazi ya voltaic bishobora kubona icyerekezo gishya, kugira ngo haboneke iterambere rirambye ry'aho abagenzi banyura ni mu "nyanja" y'ibigo by'Ubushinwa bikoresha amashanyarazi ya voltaic imbere y'ibibazo byihutirwa cyane.
Ingamba ku bigo by'ubushyuhe bw'amashanyarazi byo mu Bushinwa
1. Udushya mu ikoranabuhanga no kuvugurura inganda
Udushya mu ikoranabuhanga no kuvugurura inganda ni ingenzi cyane. Ibigo by’ubucuruzi bwa PV byo mu gihugu bigomba kongera ishoramari mu bushakashatsi no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga, guteza imbere ubucuruzi bw’ibicuruzwa bitandukanye, selile za BC n’ibindi bicuruzwa bishya, kunoza imikorere n’ubwiza bw’ibicuruzwa, gushyigikira ibigo bikomeye mu Bushinwa kugira ngo bive vuba mu kajagari k’impinduka, kandi bikomeze kongera inyungu zabyo mu ikoranabuhanga.
2. Gutunganya uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa
Gutunganya uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa ni ngombwa. Hindura imiterere vuba bishoboka, kandi ushyireho mu mahanga kugira ngo ushake ahantu hashya ho gukorera ibicuruzwa. Uburasirazuba bwo Hagati, Indoneziya na Lawosi bizaba amahitamo mashya. Ibi bihugu n'uturere ntabwo byashyizwe ku rutonde rw'imisoro ya Amerika, amwe mu masosiyete ya PV azahitamo kwimurira vuba mu turere tuyikikije, kugira ngo bafate idirishya mbere yuko Amerika ishyiraho umushinga mushya w'itegeko.
3. Kwagura amasoko yo mu mahanga
Kwagura amasoko yo mu mahanga ntibikwiye gutinda. Kumenya imiterere itandukanye, guteza imbere amasoko mashya nka Aziya na Afurika, no kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku isoko rimwe. Gushimangira iyubakwa ry'imiyoboro yo kugurisha mu mahanga n'imiyoboro ya serivisi kugira ngo hongerwe ubumenyi ku bicuruzwa n'isoko. Ariko kandi hagomba no kuzirikanwa ibidukikije by'ubukungu bw'aho, ibidukikije bigenga ubucuruzi, ibikorwa remezo n'ibijyanye n'ibikoresho, ikiguzi cy'umusaruro n'ibindi bintu byinshi.
4. Uburyo bwo guhangana na politiki no gucunga ingaruka
Guhangana na politiki no gucunga ingaruka ni ingenzi cyane. Guverinoma ishyiraho politiki zo gushyigikira iterambere ry'inganda, kandi ibigo byitondera imiterere y'ingaruka zishobora guterwa n'amahanga ku gihe kugira ngo hirindwe amakimbirane mu bucuruzi. Gushyiraho uburyo bwo kuburira hakiri kare ingaruka zishobora guterwa n'ihindagurika ry'isoko n'impinduka za politiki.
5. Gushimangira ubufatanye mpuzamahanga
Gushimangira ubufatanye mpuzamahanga nabyo ni ingenzi. Guhuza no gukorana n'ibigo mpuzamahanga kugira ngo dufatanye guteza imbere iterambere ry'inganda. Gufatanya n'ibigo by'ibanze kandi twinjize mu isoko ry'ibanze kugira ngo tugere ku nyungu rusange. Gukoresha imari n'umutungo mpuzamahanga, no gukurikiza inzira y'iterambere rifunguye.
Ibicuruzwa by’Ubushinwa byohereza mu mahanga ku isoko rya Amerika rya PV birimo guhura n’ibibazo bikomeye, ariko ibigo by’Ubushinwa biracyakomeje gusubiza mu buryo bufatika ingamba zo guca muri iki kibazo binyuze mu buryo butandukanye, gusobanukirwa neza amategeko n’amategeko y’ibihugu ishoramari rikorerwamo, ariko kandi no gukora akazi keza ko kugenzura umuyaga, kugabanya igabanywa ry’ibiciro no kugerageza, no guhora biteguye kurengera uburenganzira n’inyungu zabo; no kwita cyane ku mpinduka z’isoko n’imiterere ya politiki, kugira ngo bihuze neza n’ibidukikije bihora bihinduka.
