Yadda ake gina tashar ajiyar makamashin rana da kuma tashar caji mai hade a yankunan karkara?

Binciken halin da ake ciki a yanzu na gina layin wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara
Gina hanyoyin sadarwa na wutar lantarki a yankunan gari
A halin yanzu, hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ta yankunan karkara ta ƙasarmu har yanzu tana cikin matakin tsarin hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ta gargajiya, galibin layukan sama, sarrafa hanyoyin rarraba wutar lantarki ta atomatik, fasahar zamani da sauran aikace-aikacen fasahar zamani bai isa ba, yawancin garuruwa da ƙauyuka har yanzu ba su da wutar lantarki. Akwai matsaloli guda biyar a gina hanyar samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara na ƙasarmu.
1). Ƙarancin matakin sarrafa kansa na hanyar sadarwa ta rarrabawa a wasu ƙauyuka da garuruwa, tsarin sarrafa kansa na hanyar sadarwa ta rarrabawa mara kyau, da rashin sa ido a ainihin lokaci da kuma gargaɗin gaggawa game da aikin hanyar sadarwa ta rarrabawa, yana da matuƙar tasiri ga tsarin sarrafa kansa na hanyar sadarwa ta rarrabawa a ƙauyuka da garuruwa.
2). Radius ɗin samar da layin rarrabawa ya fi girma a wasu yankunan karkara, wanda hakan ke sa layin rarrabawa ba zai iya rage radius ɗin samar da shi yadda ya kamata ba.
3) Tsarin hanyar rarrabawa a wasu yankunan karkara yana da mummunan yanayin tsufa, kuma wasu layukan rarrabawa ma suna da matsaloli kamar ƙaramin sashin giciye na direba, ƙaramin diamita na waya da tsufa na kayan aiki.
4). Akwai wasu matsaloli a tsarin biyan kuɗi na wutar lantarki mai amsawa a wasu yankunan karkara, kamar rashin isassun kayan aiki da kuma ƙarfin biyan kuɗi na wutar lantarki mai amsawa.
5). Kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki a wasu ƙauyuka da garuruwa ba su da tsarin gudanarwa na kimiyya da ma'ana, tsare-tsare da ƙira, da kuma nazari da hasashen amfani da wutar lantarki a ɓangaren mai amfani.

Tsarin makamashi na yankin garin
Tsarin makamashi a yankunan karkara yana da alaƙa da gurɓataccen iska, yawan amfani da makamashi da ƙarancin inganci.
Tare da saurin ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar Sin, yanayin rayuwar jama'a yana ci gaba da inganta, bukatar makamashi kuma tana karuwa, yawan amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu, wanda hakan ke haifar da karuwar gurbacewar muhalli.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an inganta tsarin makamashi a yankunan karkara kuma an inganta shi, kuma matakin amfani da makamashi mai tsafta da adadinsa ya ƙaru a bayyane yake.
1) Ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya na yankunan karkara ƙanana ne, kuma mazauna yankunan karkara ba su da isasshen amfani da wutar lantarki kuma galibi suna amfani da kayan lantarki masu ƙarancin wutar lantarki.
2). Adadin motocin lantarki (EVS) a yankunan karkara yana ƙaruwa. Ana amfani da makamashin lantarki ne galibi ta hanyar amfani da na'urar lantarki, kuma suna amfani da tsarin wutar lantarki don samar da makamashin taimako. Ƙara yawan EVS ba makawa zai haifar da ƙaruwar nauyin wutar lantarki.
3). Tsarin samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara ba shi da ma'ana. Saboda ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki, tsarin samar da wutar lantarki guda ɗaya da kuma rashin tsari da ƙira na kimiyya da ma'ana, yana da wuya a biya buƙatun wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara.
4). Akwai cunkoso mai yawa a yankunan karkara, wasu daga cikinsu suna da matsalolin ƙarancin wutar lantarki da kuma tsufa, wanda hakan ke shafar ingantaccen aiki da tsarin wutar lantarki.

Ingancin wutar lantarki na hanyar rarrabawa a yankin gari
Ingancin wutar lantarki yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke shafar rayuwar mazauna karkara, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da kamfanonin wutar lantarki dole ne su magance. A halin yanzu, ingancin wutar lantarki na hanyar sadarwa ta rarraba wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara yana fuskantar manyan fannoni uku na matsalar.
1). Bambancin ƙarfin lantarki na hanyar sadarwa ta wutar lantarki ta karkara yana da girma, kuma ƙarfin lantarki na wasu masu amfani yana nuna karkacewa mara kyau.
2) Rashin daidaiton matakin wutar lantarki mai matakai uku na hanyar sadarwa ta rarrabawa a wasu ƙauyuka da garuruwa ya wuce matakin ƙasa.
3). Akwai manyan matsaloli uku da suka shafi rashin daidaito a hanyoyin sadarwa na rarrabawa a yankunan karkara, wanda ke haifar da matsalar ingancin wutar lantarki a ɓangaren masu amfani.

Nazarin shari'a kan gina tashar ajiyar gani da caji mai haɗawa
Domin inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki na yankunan karkara, jihar ta himmatu wajen gina sabbin tashoshin caji na makamashi. A halin yanzu, har yanzu akwai wasu matsaloli a gina sabbin tashoshin caji na makamashi a kasarmu, misali, wurin da tashoshin caji ke da wahala, ƙarancin amfani da wuraren caji, ƙarancin ingancin caji.
Don haka, ƙasarmu ta fara hanzarta gina tashoshin caji na ababen hawa masu amfani da wutar lantarki. Domin magance matsalar caji na ababen hawa masu amfani da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara, ana iya gina tashar caji ta haɗakar ajiyar na'urori masu amfani da wutar lantarki da kuma caji a yankunan karkara.
Tashar caji mai hade ta ƙunshi sassa uku: tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta photovoltaic, tsarin adana makamashi da kuma tashar caji. A yayin aikin gini, ya zama dole a fara gina tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta photovoltaic, sannan a yi amfani da tsarin adana makamashi don sarrafa cajin motocin lantarki.
Bugu da ƙari, ya zama dole a saita wurin caji na AC da wurin caji na DC a tashar caji don samar da sauƙin caji na abin hawa na lantarki.
Gabaɗaya, matakin ci gaban tattalin arziki na yankunan karkara yana da ƙarancin farashi, don haka farashin gina tashoshin ajiya na gani da caji masu haɗaka yana da ƙarancin farashi. Idan aka ɗauki misali a cikin alƙarya, matakin tattalin arzikin alƙaryar yana cikin matakin tsakiya a ƙasar, kuma gina tashar ajiya na gani da caji mai haɗaka na iya samun fa'idodi masu kyau na tattalin arziki.
1) Garin da kansa yana da isassun albarkatun haske da albarkatun ƙasa, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su gaba ɗaya don gina tashar caji mai haɗawa ta adana haske da caji.
A cikin ƙirar tashar ajiya mai haɗaka da caji, ya kamata a fara zaɓar kayan gini da suka dace da tsari, sannan a haɗa su da wurin yanki na gida da yanayin yanayi don tsarawa.
Misali, garin saboda yanayin sanyi, isasshen haske, da albarkatun ƙasa sun fi yawa, za ku iya zaɓar bangarorin photovoltaic don gina tashar ajiya da caji mai haɗawa.
2). Tsarin PV shine ke da alhakin caji motocin lantarki, yayin da tsarin adana makamashi ke da alhakin adana wutar lantarki. Ya kamata a haɗa tsarin PV da tsarin adana makamashi ta hanyar da ta dace yayin gini.
Bugu da ƙari, ya zama dole a daidaita ƙarfin da adadin batirin adana makamashi da batirin ajiya a cikin tsarin adana makamashi. Ya kamata a saita ƙarfin baturi bisa ga buƙatar caji na abin hawa na lantarki. Gabaɗaya, ana iya ƙayyade ƙarfin baturi bisa ga yanayin amfani, wurin da ake da shi da kuma buƙatar kasuwa na abin hawa na lantarki. A kan wannan tushen, ya kamata a tsara lokacin caji da ingancin caji na abin hawa na lantarki yadda ya kamata.
3). Tashar caji mai haɗakar ajiya da caji tana buƙatar daidaita kayan aiki daban-daban na tashar caji yadda ya kamata.
A cikin ginin tashar caji mai haɗawa, ya kamata a yi ƙoƙarin zaɓar ingantaccen aiki mai kyau, ingantaccen aiki na kayan aiki don guje wa gazawar kayan aiki da kuma shafar aikin tashar caji na yau da kullun.
Bugu da ƙari, ana iya cimma nasarar sarrafa tashar caji mai wayo ta hanyar inganta matakin tashar caji mai wayo.
4). Bayan gina tashar caji mai haɗawa, ya zama dole a gudanar da aikin karɓa da gwaji na tashar:
① Ya kamata ya yi daidai da ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙa'idodin masana'antu don karɓuwa;
② Ko gininsa ya dace da buƙatun manufofin gida da buƙatun masu amfani don karɓuwa;
③ Ya kamata a amince da shi don aikinsa na yau da kullun. Aikin gwaji ya ƙunshi fannoni biyu masu zuwa: ① Ko tashar caji ta dace da ƙa'idodin caji da ƙa'idodi masu alaƙa; ② Ko tashar caji ta dace da ƙa'idodin aminci da ƙa'idodi masu alaƙa ya kamata a gwada.

Tsarin ƙarfin caji da ajiya na gani da caji wanda aka haɗa
Lokacin caji na abin hawa na lantarki yana da tasiri sosai akan wutar lantarki da lokacin caji na abin hawa na lantarki, wato, lokacin caji na baturi da lokacin caji na adadin wutar lantarki.
Saboda haka, ya zama dole a kimanta lokacin caji bisa ga ƙarfin abin hawa na lantarki. A halin yanzu, babu wani mizani ɗaya na caji tukwane a ƙasarmu, kuma lokacin caji tukwane na nau'ikan samfura daban-daban ya bambanta sosai, don haka za mu iya amfani da wasu hanyoyi don kimanta lokacin caji tukwane na caji. An rarraba tukwane na caji bisa ga 4H, 12h da 16h bi da bi.
Bisa ga hanyar da ke sama, ana iya kimanta lokacin caji na tarin caji, kuma ana iya samun lokacin caji na tarin caji tare da tsari daban-daban na iya aiki. A cikin rarraba ƙarfin caji na tarin caji, ya kamata mu kuma yi la'akari da cikakkun halaye na mazauna karkara da buƙatun caji na ababen hawa masu amfani da wutar lantarki.
Matakan ƙarfin lantarki daban-daban na motocin lantarki suna buƙatar wutar lantarki daban-daban, don haka bisa ga buƙatun tsarin kayan aikin tashar caji.
A cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, mazauna karkara waɗanda ke da matakan ƙarfin lantarki na 220V da 110V, don haka a cikin gina tashoshin caji suna buƙatar a sanye su da matakan ƙarfin lantarki masu dacewa na tukwanen caji.
Misali, a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, matakan ƙarfin lantarki na gidaje na karkara na 10 kv da 35 kv. Tare da ƙaruwar wutar lantarki ta motocin lantarki da kuma rage lokacin caji, matsakaicin lokacin caji zai ragu a hankali.

Haɗaɗɗen aikin Ajiya na gani da tashar caji
Binciken fa'idodin tattalin arziki
Tashar caji mai nau'ikan wutar lantarki guda 4 ita ce 120kW, 250KW, 400kW da 600kW. An gano cewa ƙimar dawowar ciki ita ce 10.24% kuma lokacin biyan kuɗi shine shekaru 3.65 lokacin da wutar lantarki take 120kw.
Saboda ƙarancin adadin motocin lantarki da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar caji a ƙasarmu, za mu iya zaɓar ƙaramin aikin da zai iya ɗaukar mutane don gina tashar caji mai haɗaka, domin biyan buƙatun caji na motocin lantarki a yankunan karkara na yanzu.

Gina tashar ajiyar kayan gani da caji mai haɗawa
Matsalolin fasaha da mafita
Ana buƙatar a warware waɗannan matsalolin fasaha don ci gaba da haɓaka tashoshin ajiya na gani da caji na haɗin gwiwa a yankunan karkara.
1). Tsarin da kuma gina tsarin adana makamashi na gefen mai amfani. Tsarin da kuma gina tsarin adana makamashi na gefen mai amfani shine mabuɗin gina tashar ajiyar makamashi da caji ta haɗaka a yankunan karkara.
2). Tsarin daidaita tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta photovoltaic da tsarin caji. Ya zama dole a yi la'akari da daidaito da iko tsakanin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta photovoltaic da tsarin caji yayin gina tashar caji da aka haɗa a yankunan karkara. Tsarin daidaita tsakanin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta photovoltaic da tsarin caji ya ƙunshi fannoni biyu:
A gefe guda, shine tsarin sarrafawa tsakanin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na photovoltaic da tsarin adana makamashi, a gefe guda kuma, shine tsarin sarrafawa tsakanin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na photovoltaic da tsarin caji.
Ana iya amfani da na'urar sarrafa caji da fitarwa, mai kula da wutar lantarki da sauran na'urori don daidaita ikon sarrafawa tsakanin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta photovoltaic da tsarin adana makamashi.
Idan ƙarfin fitarwa na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na photovoltaic bai isa ba, za a iya sake cika ƙarfin da ya wuce kima zuwa tashar caji a kan lokaci ta hanyar mai sarrafa caji da fitarwa, ana iya amfani da mai sarrafa wutar lantarki don rage ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na photovoltaic, ta haka za a guji caji fiye da kima.
Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da babban capacitor don cimma aikin caji na kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki na photovoltaic.
3). Dabarun sarrafa wutar lantarki da aka haɗa da tashar caji. A cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, ƙananan hanyoyin wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara suna haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali da aka haɗa da wutar lantarki. Domin tabbatar da amincin amfani da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara, ya kamata a sarrafa kuma a sarrafa adadi mai yawa na wutar lantarki da aka rarraba a cikin hanyar wutar lantarki ta hanyar mai sarrafawa da aka haɗa da wutar lantarki.
A lokaci guda, ana iya haɗa wutar lantarki da aka rarraba zuwa grid ɗin wutar lantarki ta hanyar mai canza grid-gefen.
Bugu da ƙari, ya zama dole a yi amfani da batir, super capacitor da sauran na'urori don cimma daidaiton iko na samar da wutar lantarki da aka rarraba.
4). Tsarin sarrafa rarraba wutar lantarki na tashar caji. Gabaɗaya, idan ƙarfin ajiyar makamashi na gefen mai amfani bai isa ba, ana iya ƙara ƙarfin da ya wuce kima zuwa tashar caji ta hanyar mai canza hanya biyu, kuma idan ƙarfin ajiyar makamashi na gefen mai amfani ya isa, ana iya amfani da manyan capacitors don caji da fitar da kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki na photovoltaic.
5). Kula da aiki da kuma kula da wurin ajiyar na'urorin gani da kuma tashar caji mai haɗa caji. Musamman ma, ya haɗa da waɗannan fannoni bakwai: ① Don tsara ingantaccen tsarin aiki; ② Don ƙarfafa horar da ma'aikatan da suka dace; ③ don duba da kula da kayan aiki akai-akai; ④ Don kafa da inganta tsarin gudanar da aiki na tashar caji; ⑤ Don tsara da gudanar da ayyukan horo daban-daban akai-akai; ⑥ Don kafa da inganta tsarin aiki da kulawa na tashar caji; ⑦ Don magance gazawar kayan aiki cikin lokaci, da sauransu.

Wannan takarda ta yi nazari kan fasaha da tattalin arzikin ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki da adana makamashi ta hanyar amfani da hasken rana, kuma ta yanke hukunci cewa yana yiwuwa a gina tashar caji mai hade a yankunan karkara.
Tsarin yana da fa'idodi masu kyau na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, kuma ya cika buƙatun haɓaka sabbin masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta makamashi a ƙarƙashin manufar "Karo biyu na carbon" a China. Tare da ci gaba da ci gaba da sabbin fasahar samar da makamashi, fasahar samar da wutar lantarki ta photovoltaic za ta yi amfani da ita sosai, kuma za a yi amfani da fasahar adana makamashi sosai.
Saboda haka, ya kamata ƙasarmu ta ƙara bincike kan sabbin fasahohin samar da makamashi kamar sabbin fasahar adana makamashi da fasahar samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana don samar da ƙarin tallafi ga ci gaban sabbin masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki.