Lihlose izinkinga zomthwalo wamandla aphansi kanye nokushaja okunzima ezindaweni zasemakhaya, leli phepha liveza isu lokwakha isitoreji esihlanganisiwe se-optical kanye nesiteshi sokushaja ezindaweni zasemakhaya, futhi lethula izindlela eziqondile zokusebenzisa isu.
Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zokushaja ezihlanganisiwe zokugcina ugesi kanye neziteshi zokushaja ezihlanganisiwe emadolobheni kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kukagesi, futhi kunganciphisa izindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nezindleko zokusebenza.
Ukubaluleka kokwakha isiteshi sokugcina nokushayela esihlanganisiwe se-optical
Njengoba inani lezimoto zikagesi likhula, isidingo sokushaja siyanda. Uma singaphathwa kahle, kuzoholela ekuchithweni okukhulu kwamandla kagesi enqubweni yokushaja izimoto zikagesi, bese kuletha ingcindezi enkulu ohlelweni lwethu lwamandla. Ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi sokushaja esihlanganisiwe sokugcina ukukhanya kanye nokushaja kungaxazulula ngempumelelo izinkinga ezingenhla.
Isiteshi sokushaja esihlanganisiwe siyimodi entsha yesiteshi sokushaja, esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amandla e-photovoltaic kanye nokugcina amandla esiteshini sokushaja ukuze kunikezwe ikhambi elihle lokushaja izimoto zikagesi.
Kule modi, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic kungadluliselwa ngqo esiteshini sokushaja ngokusebenzisa igridi exhunywe, bese ngokushaja ibhethri lingahlinzeka ngogesi ezimotweni zikagesi; Ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla buwukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokugcina amandla esakazeke kugridi, lapho umsebenzisi edinga ukunikeza ugesi kugridi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nesiteshi sokushaja sendabuko, isiteshi sokushaja esihlanganisiwe sokugcina nokufaka ishaja singathuthukisa ngempumelelo ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lwamandla.
Isiteshi sokushaja esihlanganisiwe sesitoreji sokubona kanye nokushaja singanciphisa ngempumelelo izindleko zokushaja kagesi kanye nezindleko zokusebenza ngesikhathi senqubo yokushaja izimoto zikagesi.
Ngaphansi kwalolu hlobo, izinhlelo ze-PV kanye nezokugcinela amandla zizoqhubeka nokusebenza kuze kube yilapho igridi iphelelwa ugesi, futhi ishaja ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi senqubo yokushaja izimoto zikagesi izombozwa yiziteshi zokushaja ezihlanganisiwe.
Kubasebenzisi, lo modeli awukwazi nje ukonga izindleko, kodwa futhi unciphise ngempumelelo imfucuza yamandla. Enqubweni yokusebenza yangempela, isitoreji sokubona kanye nesiteshi sokushaja singafinyelela izinzuzo eziphezulu zezomnotho nezenhlalo ngokwenza ngcono ukucushwa kanye nokuphathwa kokuhlela.
Ngakho-ke, kungashiwo ukuthi isitoreji se-optical kanye nesiteshi sokushaja esihlanganisiwe siwuhlobo olusha lwesiteshi sokushaja esinamathuba amahle okuthuthukiswa.
Ukuhlaziywa kwesimo samanje sokwakhiwa kwegridi kagesi ezindaweni zasemakhaya
Ukwakhiwa kwegridi kagesi ezindaweni zasemalokishini
Njengamanje, igridi kagesi yezwe lethu isesesigabeni sesakhiwo segridi kagesi yendabuko esekelwe ku-, ikakhulukazi ngemigqa ephezulu, ukuzenzekela kwenethiwekhi yokusabalalisa, ukwenziwa kwedijithali kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe besimanje akwanele, amadolobha amaningi kanye namadolobhana awanawo ugesi. Kunezinkinga ezinhlanu ekwakhiweni kwegridi kagesi ezindaweni zasemakhaya zezwe lethu.
1). Izinga eliphansi lokuzenzakalela kwenethiwekhi yokusabalalisa kwamanye amadolobhana namadolobhana, uhlelo lokuzenzakalela lwenethiwekhi yokusabalalisa olungaphelele, kanye nokuntuleka kokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nesixwayiso sokuqala sokusebenza kwenethiwekhi yokusabalalisa, kuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza okuvamile kohlelo lokuzenzakalela kwenethiwekhi yokusabalalisa emadolobhaneni namadolobhana.
2). Irediyasi yokuphakelwa komugqa wokusabalalisa inkulu kwezinye izindawo zasemakhaya, okwenza umugqa wokusabalalisa ungakwazi ukufinyeza irediyasi yokuphakelwa ngempumelelo.
3). Isakhiwo senethiwekhi yokusabalalisa kwezinye izindawo zasemakhaya sinokuguga okukhulu, kanti eminye imigqa yokusabalalisa inezinkinga ezifana nesigaba esincane se-conductor, ububanzi obuncane bentambo kanye nokuguga kwemishini.
4). Kunezinkinga ezithile ekucushweni kwesinxephezelo samandla asebenzayo kwezinye izindawo zasemakhaya, njengokuntuleka kwemishini kanye nomthamo wesinxephezelo samandla asebenzayo.
5). Amabhizinisi okuphakelwa kukagesi kwamanye amadolobhana nasemadolobheni awanawo indlela yokuphatha yesayensi nenengqondo, umqondo wokuhlela nokuklama, kanye nokuhlaziywa nokubikezela ukusetshenziswa kukagesi ohlangothini lomsebenzisi.
Isakhiwo samandla sendawo yedolobha
Isakhiwo samandla ezindaweni zasemakhaya sibonakala ngokungcola okuphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphansi.
Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo komnotho waseShayina, amazinga okuphila kwabantu ayaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, isidingo samandla naso siyakhula, inani elikhulu lokusetshenziswa kwamandla asendulo, okuholela ekwandeni kokungcoliswa kwemvelo.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, isakhiwo samandla ezindaweni zasemakhaya siye sathuthukiswa futhi sathuthukiswa, futhi izinga lokusetshenziswa kanye nenani lamandla ahlanzekile liye landa ngokusobala.
1). Umthamo womthwalo wezindawo zasemakhaya mncane, kanti izakhamuzi zasemakhaya zisebenzisa ugesi omncane futhi zisebenzisa kakhulu izinto zikagesi ezisebenzisa ugesi omncane.
2). Inani lezimoto zikagesi (EVS) ezindaweni zasemakhaya liyakhula. Ama-EVS aqhutshwa kakhulu amandla kagesi, futhi asebenzisa uhlelo lwamandla kagesi ukuhlinzeka ngamandla asekelayo. Ukwanda kwenani lama-EVS kuzoholela ekwandeni komthwalo kagesi ngokungenakugwenywa.
3). Isakhiwo sokuphakelwa kukagesi ezindaweni zasemakhaya asinangqondo. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kukagesi okuphansi, isakhiwo sokuphakelwa kukagesi esisodwa kanye nokuntuleka kokuhlela nokuklama ngokwesayensi nangokunengqondo, kunzima ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sikagesi ezindaweni zasemakhaya.
4). Kunokugcwala okukhulu ezindaweni zasemakhaya, ezinye zazo ezinezinkinga ze-voltage ephansi kanye nomugqa wokuguga, okuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza okuphephile nokuzinzile kohlelo lwamandla.
Ikhwalithi yamandla yenethiwekhi yokusabalalisa endaweni yedolobha
Ikhwalithi kagesi ingenye yezinto ezibalulekile ezithinta ikhwalithi yokuphila kwezakhamuzi zasemakhaya, futhi ingenye yezinkinga ezinkulu okumele amabhizinisi kagesi azixazulule. Njengamanje, ikhwalithi kagesi yenethiwekhi yokusabalalisa ezindaweni zasemakhaya ibhekene kakhulu nezici ezintathu ezilandelayo zenkinga.
1). Ukuphambuka kwamandla kagesi kwenethiwekhi yamandla asemakhaya kukhulu, futhi amandla kagesi abanye abasebenzisi abonakala ephambuka kabi.
2). Izinga lokungalingani kwamandla kagesi ezigaba ezintathu enethiwekhi yokusatshalaliswa kwamanye amadolobhana namadolobhana lingaphezu kwesilinganiso sikazwelonke.
3). Kunezimo ezingathi sína zokungalingani kwezigaba ezintathu kunethiwekhi yokusabalalisa ezindaweni zasemakhaya, okuholela enkingeni yekhwalithi yamandla ohlangothini lwabasebenzisi.
Ucwaningo lwecala mayelana nokwakhiwa kwesiteshi sokugcina nokushayela esihlanganisiwe se-optical
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe kangcono intuthuko yezomnotho yezindawo zasemakhaya, umbuso ukhuthaza ngamandla ukwakhiwa kweziteshi ezintsha zokushaja amandla. Njengamanje, kusenezinkinga ezithile ekwakhiweni kweziteshi ezintsha zokushaja amandla ezweni lethu, isibonelo, indawo yeziteshi zokushaja kunzima, ukusetshenziswa okuphansi kwezikhungo zokushaja, ukusebenza kahle kokushaja okuphansi.
Ngenxa yalokhu, izwe lethu laqala ukusheshisa ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zokushaja izimoto zikagesi. Ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yokushaja izimoto zikagesi ezindaweni zasemakhaya, isiteshi sokushaja esihlanganisiwe sokugcina nokufaka i-optical singakhiwa ezindaweni zasemakhaya.
Isiteshi sokushaja esihlanganisiwe sinezingxenye ezintathu: uhlelo lokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic, uhlelo lokugcina amandla kanye nesiteshi sokushaja. Enkambisweni yokwakha, kuyadingeka ukwakha uhlelo lokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic kuqala, bese usebenzisa uhlelo lokugcina amandla ukuphatha ukushaja kwezimoto zikagesi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukusetha iposi lokushaja le-AC kanye neposi lokushaja le-DC esiteshini sokushaja ukuze kube lula ukushaja izimoto zikagesi.
Sekukonke, izinga lokuthuthukiswa komnotho ezindaweni zasemakhaya liphansi kakhulu, ngakho-ke izindleko zokwakha iziteshi zokushaja ezihlanganisiwe zokugcina izinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokushaja ziphansi kakhulu. Uma sithatha isibonelo sedolobha, izinga lomnotho ledolobha lisezingeni eliphakathi ezweni, futhi ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zokushaja ezihlanganisiwe zokugcina izinto ezibonakalayo kungaletha izinzuzo ezinhle kwezomnotho.
1). Idolobha ngokwalo linemithombo yokukhanya eyanele kanye nemithombo yomhlaba, engasetshenziswa ngokugcwele ukwakha isiteshi sokushaja esihlanganisiwe sokugcina nokufaka izibani.
Ekuklanyweni kwesitoreji esihlanganisiwe se-optical kanye nesiteshi sokushaja kufanele kuqala ukhethe izinto zokwakha ezifanele kanye nefomu lesakhiwo, bese kuhlanganiswe nendawo yendawo kanye nezimo zezulu ukuze kuklanywe.
Isibonelo, idolobha ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibandayo, ukukhanya okwanele, izinsiza zomhlaba ziningi kakhulu, ungakhetha amaphaneli e-photovoltaic ukwakha isitoreji esihlanganisiwe kanye nesiteshi sokushaja.
2). Uhlelo lwe-PV lunesibopho esikhulu sokushaja izimoto zikagesi, kanti uhlelo lokugcina amandla lunesibopho sokugcina ugesi. Uhlelo lwe-PV kanye nohlelo lokugcina amandla kufanele kuhlanganiswe ngendlela efanele ngesikhathi sokwakha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukusetha ngokufanele umthamo kanye nenani lebhethri lokugcina amandla kanye nebhethri lokugcina ohlelweni lokugcina amandla. Umthamo webhethri kufanele ubekwe ngokwesidingo sokushaja semoto kagesi. Ngokuvamile, umthamo webhethri unganqunywa ngokwesimo sokusetshenziswa, indawo kanye nesidingo semakethe semoto kagesi. Ngalesi sisekelo, isikhathi sokushaja kanye nokusebenza kahle kokushaja kwemoto kagesi kufanele kwakhiwe ngokufanele.
3). Isiteshi sokushaja esihlanganisiwe sokugcina nokufaka ishaja sidinga futhi ukulungisa imishini ehlukahlukene yesiteshi sokushaja ngokufanele.
Ekwakhiweni kwesiteshi sokushaja esihlanganisiwe kufanele uzame ukukhetha ikhwalithi enhle, ukusebenza okuzinzile kwemishini ukuze ugweme ukwehluleka kwemishini futhi kuthinte ukusebenza okuvamile kwesiteshi sokushaja.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphathwa okuhlakaniphile kwesitoreji sokubona kanye nesiteshi sokushaja esihlanganisiwe kungatholakala ngokuthuthukisa izinga elihlakaniphile lesiteshi sokushaja.
4). Ngemva kokwakhiwa kwesiteshi sokushaja esihlanganisiwe, kubalulekile ukwenza umsebenzi wokwamukela nokuhlola isiteshi:
① Kufanele ihambisane nezindinganiso zikazwelonke kanye nezindinganiso zemboni ukuze yamukelwe;
② Ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwayo kuyahambisana yini nezidingo zenqubomgomo yendawo kanye nezidingo zomsebenzisi ukuze kwamukelwe;
③ Kufanele yamukelwe ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuvamile. Ukusebenza kwesivivinyo kuhlanganisa kakhulu izici ezimbili ezilandelayo: ① Ukuthi isiteshi sokushaja siyahambisana yini nezindinganiso zokushaja kanye nezindinganiso ezihlobene kufanele kuhlolwe; ② Ukuthi isiteshi sokushaja siyahambisana yini nemithethonqubo yokuphepha kanye nezindinganiso ezihlobene kufanele kuhlolwe.
Ukulungiswa komthamo wokushaja wenqwaba yokushaja okuhlanganisiwe kanye nesitoreji sokushaja esibonakalayo
Isikhathi sokushaja semoto kagesi sithinteka kakhulu amandla nesikhathi sokushaja semoto kagesi, okungukuthi, isikhathi sokushaja sebhethri nesikhathi sokushaja senani likagesi.
Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukulinganisa isikhathi sokushaja ngokuya ngamandla emoto kagesi. Njengamanje, ayikho indinganiso ehlanganisiwe yama-pile okushaja ezweni lethu, futhi isikhathi sokushaja sama-pile okushaja ezinhlobo ezahlukene sihlukile kakhulu, ngakho-ke singasebenzisa ezinye izindlela ukulinganisa isikhathi sokushaja sama-pile okushaja. Ama-pile okushaja ahlukaniswe ngokwe-4H, 12h kanye ne-16h ngokulandelana.
Ngokwendlela engenhla, isikhathi sokushaja senqwaba yokushaja singalinganiselwa, futhi isikhathi sokushaja senqwaba yokushaja esinokulungiselelwa okuhlukile komthamo singatholakala. Ekwabiweni komthamo wezinqwaba zokushaja, kufanele futhi sicabangele ngokugcwele izici zezakhamuzi zasemakhaya kanye nezidingo zokushaja izimoto zikagesi.
Amazinga ahlukene kagesi ezimoto zikagesi adinga amandla ahlukene, ngakho-ke kuye ngezidingo zokulungiswa kwemishini yesiteshi sokushaja.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, izakhamuzi zasemakhaya ezinamazinga e-voltage angu-220V no-110V, ngakho-ke ekwakhiweni kweziteshi zokushaja kudingeka zihlonyiswe ngamazinga e-voltage ahambisanayo ama-pile okushaja.
Thatha isifundazwe sase-Anhui njengesibonelo, ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, amazinga kagesi asemakhaya angu-10 kv kanye no-35 kv. Ngokukhula kwamandla ezimoto zikagesi kanye nokuncipha kwesikhathi sokushaja, isikhathi sokushaja esimaphakathi sizoncipha kancane kancane.
Iphrojekthi yesitoreji esihlanganisiwe se-Optical kanye nesiteshi sokushaja
Ukuhlaziywa kwezinzuzo zezomnotho
Isiteshi sokushaja esihlanganisiwe esinezinhlobo ezine zamandla singu-120kW, 250KW, 400kW kanye no-600kW. Kutholakale ukuthi izinga langaphakathi lokubuyisa liyi-10.24% kanti isikhathi sokubuyisela siyiminyaka engu-3.65 lapho amandla engu-120kw.
Ngenxa yenani elincane lezimoto zikagesi kanye nesidingo sokushaja esiphansi ezweni lethu, singakhetha iphrojekthi encane yokwakha isiteshi sokushaja esihlanganisiwe, ukuze sihlangabezane nezindawo zasemaphandleni zamanje zezidingo zokushaja izimoto zikagesi.
Ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi sokugcina nokushayela esihlanganisiwe se-optical
Ubunzima bezobuchwepheshe kanye nezixazululo
Izinkinga zobuchwepheshe ezilandelayo zidinga ukuxazululwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe izikhungo zokugcina nokufaka izinto ezibonakalayo ezihlanganisiwe ezindaweni zasemakhaya.
1). Ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa kohlelo lokugcina amandla oluhambisana nomsebenzisi. Ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa kohlelo lokugcina amandla oluhambisana nomsebenzisi kuyisihluthulelo sokwakhiwa kwesiteshi sokugcina nokushayela esihlanganisiwe se-optical ezindaweni zasemakhaya.
2). Ukulawulwa okuhlelekile kohlelo lokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic kanye nohlelo lokushaja. Kuyadingeka ukucabangela ngokugcwele ukuhlanganiswa nokulawulwa phakathi kohlelo lokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic kanye nohlelo lokushaja lapho kwakhiwa isiteshi sokushaja esihlanganisiwe ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Ukulawulwa kokuhlanganiswa phakathi kohlelo lokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic kanye nohlelo lokushaja kufaka phakathi izici ezimbili:
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukulawula okuhlanganisiwe phakathi kohlelo lokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic kanye nohlelo lokugcina amandla, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukulawula okuhlanganisiwe phakathi kohlelo lokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic kanye nohlelo lokushaja.
Isilawuli sokushaja nokukhipha ugesi, isilawuli samandla kanye namanye amadivayisi angasetshenziswa ukuxhumanisa ukulawula phakathi kohlelo lokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic kanye nohlelo lokugcina amandla.
Uma amandla okukhipha uhlelo lokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic enganele, amandla angaphezulu angagcwaliswa kabusha esiteshini sokushaja ngesikhathi yisilawuli sokushaja nokukhipha, umlawuli wamandla angasetshenziswa ukunciphisa amandla okukhiqiza amandla e-photovoltaic, ngaleyo ndlela kugwenywe ukushaja ngokweqile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-super capacitor ingasetshenziswa ukufeza umsebenzi wokushaja wemishini yokukhiqiza amandla e-photovoltaic.
3). Isu lokulawula elixhunywe esiteshini sokushaja igridi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, amagridi kagesi amancane ezindaweni zasemakhaya aholela ekungazinzini okuxhunywe kugridi. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kokusetshenziswa kukagesi ezindaweni zasemakhaya, inani elikhulu lamandla asakazwayo kugridi kagesi kufanele lilawulwe futhi liphathwe ngumphathi oxhunywe kugridi.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ugesi osabalalisiwe ungaxhunywa kugridi yamandla nge-converter eseceleni kwegridi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ibhethri, i-super capacitor kanye namanye amadivayisi ukuze kufezwe ukulawula okuhlelekile kokunikezwa kwamandla okusatshalaliswa.
4). Umklamo wokulawula ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla wesiteshi sokushaja. Ngokuvamile, lapho umthamo wokugcina amandla ohlangothini lomsebenzisi unganele, amandla angaphezulu angangezwa esiteshini sokushaja nge-converter eqondisa izinhlangothi ezimbili, futhi lapho umthamo wokugcina amandla ohlangothini lomsebenzisi wanele, ukusetshenziswa kwama-super-capacitor kungasetshenziswa ukushaja nokukhipha imishini yokukhiqiza amandla ye-photovoltaic.
5). Ukugcinwa nokusebenza kanye nokuphathwa kwesitoreji se-optical kanye nesiteshi sokushaja esihlanganisiwe. Ngokukhethekile, kufaka phakathi izici eziyisikhombisa ezilandelayo: ① Ukwakha uhlelo lomsebenzi oluzwakalayo; ② Ukuqinisa ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi abafanele; ③ ukuhlola nokunakekela imishini njalo; ④ Ukusungula nokuthuthukisa Uhlelo Lokuphathwa Kokusebenza Kwesiteshi sokushaja; ⑤ Ukuhlela njalo nokwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokuqeqesha; ⑥ Ukusungula nokuthuthukisa indlela yokusebenza kanye nokulungisa isiteshi sokushaja; ⑦ Ukubhekana nokwehluleka kwemishini ngesikhathi, njll.
Leli phepha lihlaziya ubuchwepheshe kanye nomnotho wamaphrojekthi okukhiqizwa kukagesi we-photovoltaic kanye nokugcina amandla, futhi lifinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi kungenzeka ukwakha isiteshi sokushaja esihlanganisiwe ezindaweni zasemakhaya.
Lolu hlelo lunezinzuzo ezinhle kwezomnotho nakwezenhlalo, futhi luhlangabezana nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa kwemboni entsha yokukhiqizwa kwamandla ngaphansi komgomo we-"Double carbon" eShayina. Ngokuqhubeka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe obusha bokukhiqizwa kwamandla, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic buzosetshenziswa kabanzi, ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla buzosetshenziswa kabanzi.
Ngakho-ke, izwe lethu kufanele landise ucwaningo ngobuchwepheshe obusha bokukhiqiza amandla obuthuthukisiwe njengobuchwepheshe obusha bokugcina amandla kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amandla e-photovoltaic ukuze kunikezwe ukwesekwa okwengeziwe ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni entsha yokukhiqiza amandla.
