1. Ngā Ārahi Tipu me ngā Wero i te Mākete Pūngao Rā o Amerika
Mai i te tau 2013, he iti iho te utu o te pūngao rā i te US i te waro, ā, koinei tētahi o ngā puna pūngao tino utu. Heoi, i roto i te tekau tau kua pahure ake nei, e rua ngā hekenga nui kua pā ki ngā whakaurunga pūngao rā nā ngā huringa o te kaupapa here Whiwhinga Taake Pūtea (ITC) me ngā here kawemai i ngā wāhanga Hainamana. Ko ngā pūnaha pūngao rā e mau ana i te whenua te 60-70% o ngā whakaurunga katoa o te US. Nō nā tata nei, kua puhoi haere ngā whakaurunga whare noho nā te pikinga o ngā reiti huamoni me ngā huringa o ngā kaupapa here a te kawanatanga. Ahakoa tēnei, kei te haere tonu ngā kaupapa e mau ana i te whenua ki te tuku hua pai, me te tautoko a te ITC. I te hekenga o ngā reiti huamoni me te mau tonu o ngā painga ITC, e matapaetia ana ka tipu ake ngā whakaurunga pūngao rā.
He nui te wāhi o te pūngao rā i roto i te ranunga pūngao ināianei, engari kei te noho tonu i muri i ngā wahie pūngoi. Mā te whakawhānui ake a te kāwanatanga Biden i ngā kaupapa here ITC ka tautokohia te tipu o te pūngao rā mō te wā roa. Me ngā rahui kaupapa kaha, e matapaetia ana ka mau tonu te tipu rua-mati o te mākete pūngao rā o Amerika i roto i ngā tau e rua e whai ake nei. E matapaetia ana e te International Energy Agency (IEA) i te tau 2024, ka tāpirihia e ngā kaupapa pūngao rā nui (neke atu i te 1MW) te 36.4GW, e 58% o te kaha hiko hou i te US. Nā te iti o te hanga ā-rohe (iti iho i te 7GW i te mutunga o te tau 2023), neke atu i te rua-hautoru o ngā wāhanga pūngao rā e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā kawemai.
2. Te Pānga o ngā Taripa ki te Mekameka Tuku Pūngao Rā o Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti
Nā ngā takoha ārai-tuku me ngā takoha taupatupatu a te US mō ngā kamupene pūngao rā Hainamana kua nekehia te whakaputanga ki te Tonga-Rawhiti o Āhia, ka waiho te rohe hei kaiwhakarato matua ki te US. Nā ngā takoha teitei me ngā here mekameka tuku kua akiakihia ngā kamupene ki te neke i te kaha ki te Tonga-Rawhiti o Āhia. Heoi, mā ngā whiu hou ka whakawhāiti pea i te whakaputanga i te Tonga-Rawhiti o Āhia, ka piki ake ngā utu me te pā ki te tuku a te US. I roto i te wā poto, ka whakawhirinaki tonu te US ki te Tonga-Rawhiti o Āhia mō ngā pūtau pūngao rā me ngā wāhanga o runga, ko ngā otinga wā roa ka arotahi pea ki te hanga kaha ā-rohe hei karo i ngā takoha.
3. Te Ahumahi Pūngao Rā o Amerika me te Pānga o te IRA
Kua tino whai hua te umanga pūngao rā o Amerika i te Ture Whakaiti Pikinga (IRA), i whakawhānui ake i ngā kaupapa whakatenatena ITC me te whakauru i ngā tautoko nui ki te taha tuku hei whakatenatena i te hanga ā-rohe. Ko te whāinga o ēnei tautoko he whakapakari i te mekameka tuku pūngao rā ā-rohe, me te tuku tautoko nui ki ngā kaihanga wāhanga me ngā rauemi. Ko ngā paerewa mahi me ngā whakaritenga ihirangi ā-rohe e akiaki ana i te hanga ā-rohe, he ia e matapaetia ana ka kaha ake i ngā tau e haere ake nei.
4. Ngā Tautoko Pūngao Rā o Amerika me ō rātou Pānga
Nā ngā tautoko atawhai a te IRA i whakaora ake ngā kamupene hiko pūngao rā o Amerika pērā i a First Solar, ā, i hua ake ai ā rātou hua. Ehara i te mea ka whakapai ake ēnei kaupapa here i te mahi pūtea mō te wā poto anake, engari he mea nui hoki mō te hua mō te wā roa. I te pikinga ake o te kaha ā-rohe, ka whakarei ake ngā tautoko i te whakataetae. Me te iti o te tuku, e tika ana kia piki ake ngā utu mō ngā waeine, ka whakamama i ngā āwangawanga mō te hekenga o ngā utu. Ahakoa kei te anga whakamua a Amerika ki ngā wero mō te tuku hiko silicon, mā te whakawhānui ake i te hanga ā-rohe me te whakamahi i ngā tautoko o nāianei ka āwhina i te pupuri i te whakataetae ā-ao. E kī ana te tātari ahakoa ka heke pea te hua mō ngā waeine whakauru o Āhia ki te Tonga-Rawhiti nā ngā taripa, ka mau tonu te hua o te whakamahi i ngā pūtau o Amerika me te huihuinga o Āhia ki te Tonga-Rawhiti.
5. Ngā Wero me ngā Huarahi mō ngā Kamupene Pūngao Rā Haina i te US
Kei te whakawhānui ake ngā kamupene Hainamana pēnei i a Canadian Solar me LONGi i ā rātou mahi whakaputa i roto i te US, e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o te hanga ā-rohe mō te angitu mō te wā roa. Ahakoa ngā wero ki te hanga me te pupuri i ngā whare ā-rohe, he mea nui te haumi ki te kaha whakaputa pūtau mō te tipu ā-muri. Ko ngā kamupene e arotahi ana ki te rohe me te hanga hononga kāwanatanga kaha ka nui ake te tūponotanga ka angitu i roto i te mākete o te US me te whakaputa hua pumau. Me aroturuki ngā kaipupuri moni i ngā huringa o ngā tautoko, ngā taripa, me ngā mōrearea patent kia whai hua ai ngā whai wāhitanga.
6. Ngā Kaupapahere me te Tirohanga Tāutanga mō te Rā o Amerika
He nui tonu te hua o ngā kaupapa whenua i te US. Ahakoa te teitei o ngā reiti huamoni (tata ki te 8.5%), tata ki te 8.38% te hua o ēnei kaupapa, nā ngā painga ITC te nuinga, e whakaiti ana i ngā nama taake mā te 30%, e whakaiti ana i ngā utu haumi.
I te hekenga o ngā reiti huamoni, e matapaetia ana ka pai ake ngā hokinga mai o ngā kaupapa pūngao rā. Hei tauira, mā te hekenga o ngā reiti huamoni ka piki ake ngā hokinga mai i te roanga o te roanga o tētahi kaupapa pūngao rā. Ahakoa kua neke atu i te 50% o ngā whakaurunga hou kua whakamahia te pūngao rā i ngā tau tata nei, e 5% noa iho te rahinga o te kaha hiko katoa, ā, he nui te wāhi e toe ana mō te tipu.
Ko te ITC tētahi o ngā kaiārahi matua o te tipu o te hiko pūngao rā o Amerika mai i te tau 2005, me ngā tahua tautoko i waenga i te 26-30%. I whakaroahia e te IRA a te whakahaerenga Biden ngā painga ITC tae noa ki te tau 2032, me te tautoko kaha mō te whakawhānui ake i te hiko pūngao rā ā muri ake nei.
E matapaetia ana ka tere te tipu o ngā whakaurunga hiko pūngao rā o Amerika i roto i ngā tau torutoru e whai ake nei. I te hauwhā tuatahi o te tau 2024, neke atu i te 100GW o ngā kaupapa hiko pūngao rā kei te haere tonu, hei tautoko i te tipu o te whakaurunga mō ngā tau 2-3 e whai ake nei. E whakaatu ana ngā whakatau tata ka taea e te US te whakauru i te 43-45GW i te tau 2024, me te tipu neke atu i te 20% e tumanakohia ana i te tau 2025.
He painga nui ngā kōwae hiko pūngao rā o Amerika: ka whiwhi rātou i te tahua āwhina 7-hēneti mō ia wati i raro i te IRA, kāore e utua ētahi utu tāke mō ngā pūtau o te Tonga-Rawhiti o Āhia, ā, ka taea te whiwhi i tētahi atu putea tāpiri 10% ITC, hei tāpiri i tētahi utu tāke. Nā tēnei ka nui ake te whakataetae me te whai hua o ngā kōwae hiko o Amerika ki te whakataurite ki ngā kōwae hiko o te Tonga-Rawhiti o Āhia kua whakauruhia katoatia.
