Ubwa mbere. Ingaruka n'imbogamizi ku iterambere ry'isoko rya PV muri Amerika
Kuva mu 2013, ibiciro bya PV kWh muri Amerika byari hasi ugereranyije n'amakara, bigatuma iba imwe mu masoko y'ingufu zihendutse. Ariko, ibyuma bya PV byagize ingaruka mbi ku iterambere mu myaka icumi ishize, bijyanye n'impinduka muri politiki y'inguzanyo y'imisoro ya ITC n'impinduka muri politiki y'ubushinwa yo gutumiza module. Inganda zishyirwa hasi ni zo ziganje mu gushyiraho PV muri Amerika, zigize 60-70% by'ibice byose. Mu bihembwe bishize, ibyuma bishyirwa hasi byashyizwemo PV byatewe n'izamuka ry'inyungu ryatinze ndetse n'impinduka za politiki zihariye za leta. Nubwo hari inyungu nyinshi, inganda zishyirwa hasi muri Amerika zagaragaje inyungu nziza, ahanini bitewe n'inkunga ya politiki y'inkunga ya ITC. Biteganijwe ko ibyuma bishyirwa hasi bizakomeza gukura mu gihe kizaza hamwe n'inyungu nke kandi politiki ya ITC igakomeza. Ibikoresho bya PV muri Amerika byafashe igice kinini, ariko biracyari munsi cyane y'umugabane w'ingufu za kera mu miterere y'ingufu zo mu gace. Politiki nshya ya guverinoma ya Biden yongerera cyane igipimo cy'inkunga ya ITC, kuko ukwiyongera k'ubushobozi bwa PV butanga inkunga y'igihe kirekire. Umushinga uriho ubu urahagije, uteganya ko mu myaka ibiri iri imbere uzakomeza kugira igipimo cy’izamuka ry’imibare ibiri. IEA yavuguruye intego nshya yo gushyiraho ingufu z’amashanyarazi mu 2024, aho imyaka 24 y’inganda nini z’amashanyarazi za PV muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (ingano > 1MW1MW) 36.4GW, bingana na 58% by’ingufu zose zishyirwa muri gahunda muri 2024, ingufu nshya za PV zo mu rwego rw’amashanyarazi muri Amerika zashyizweho muri 2023 ni 18.4GW, 24. Muri 2023, urwego rw’amashanyarazi muri Amerika ruzaba rufite 18.4GW y’amashanyarazi mashya ya PV, naho intego yo mu 2023 ikaba yikubye kabiri umubare washyizweho muri 2023. Bitewe n’ubushobozi buke bwo gukora mu gihugu n’ibiciro biri hejuru muri Amerika, ishingiye cyane ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga. Kugeza mu mpera za 23, ubushobozi bwo gukora module zo mu gihugu muri Amerika bwari munsi ya 7GW, kandi ibirenga 2/3 by’ibikoresho bigomba kwishingikiriza ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga.
Icya kabiri, ingaruka z'uburyo bwo gutanga amashanyarazi muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba ziterwa n'ibihano bibiri
Amerika yashyizeho ibihano bibiri ku bigo by’Abashinwa bicuruza PV, bigatuma ubushobozi bwo gukora PV mu majyepfo y’uburasirazuba bwa Aziya buba umucuruzi ukomeye ku isoko rya Amerika. Imisoro myinshi n’inzitizi ku ruhererekane rw’ibikoresho fatizo by’Ubushinwa byatumye ibigo byimura ubushobozi bwabyo muri Aziya y’uburasirazuba bw’uburasirazuba no kongera ubushobozi bwo gukora mu gihugu. Ariko, ibihano biheruka bishobora gutera imbogamizi ku bushobozi bwabyo muri Aziya y’uburasirazuba bw’uburasirazuba, ibi bikaba bishobora kugira ingaruka ku isoko rya Amerika no kuzamuka kw’ibiciro. Biteganijwe ko Amerika ishyiraho ibihano bibiri ku bihugu byo muri Aziya y’uburasirazuba bizongera ikiguzi cy’ubushobozi bwa PV mu majyepfo y’uburasirazuba bwa Aziya, gikomeje gushingira ku bateri y’akarere n’ubushobozi bwo gukora mu gihe gito. Hakenewe igihe kirekire cyo gutekereza ku kubaka ubushobozi bwo gukora mu gihugu kugira ngo harebwe ibihano, gusuzuma uburyo ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bihuzwa n’intege nke z’icyitegererezo n’inyungu z’uruganda rwo muri Amerika rukora.
Icya gatatu, iterambere ry'inganda zikoresha amashanyarazi akomoka kuri photovoltaic muri Amerika n'ingaruka z'Itegeko rya IRA
Inganda zikora utwuma dushyuha muri Amerika mu gihe cya guverinoma ya Biden zungukiwe n'Itegeko rya IRA, ryongera umusoro ku ishoramari rya ITC kandi rigatanga inkunga nyinshi ku ruhande rw'ibicuruzwa kugira ngo inganda zigaruke. Ibi byagenewe gushyigikira cyane iterambere ry'inganda zo mu gihugu n'uruhererekane rw'inganda zikora utwuma dushyuha, harimo inkunga nini ku nganda zikora ibikoresho n'ibindi bikoresho ndetse n'inkunga y'inyongera ku mishinga yujuje ibipimo bimwe na bimwe by'umusaruro wo mu gihugu. Byongeye kandi, umushinga w'itegeko ushyiraho amahame y'umurimo n'ibisabwa mu nganda zikora utwuma dushyuha, ugakomeza guteza imbere icyerekezo cy'umusaruro ukorerwa mu gihugu mu nganda zikora utwuma dushyuha, byitezwe ko uzakomera mu myaka iri imbere.
Icya kane, politiki y'inkunga ya PV ya Amerika n'ingaruka zayo
Politiki nini y’inkunga ya IR ishyirwa mu bikorwa na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika yatangije ibikorwa by’ibigo bya PV byo mu gace, nka First Solar, byahinduye igihombo mo inyungu kandi bikagira inyungu nyinshi binyuze mu gusaba inkunga. Iyi politiki ntifasha ibigo byo mu gace kunoza ubukungu bwabyo mu gihe gito gusa, ahubwo ni ingenzi mu kunoza inyungu zabyo mu gihe kizaza. Uko ubushobozi bw’umusaruro mu gace bugenda bwiyongera, biteganijwe ko inkunga ya LA izongera inyungu z’ibigo nka First Solar. Byongeye kandi, ibiciro bya module biteganijwe kongera kuzamuka bitewe n’ubushobozi buke, bigakuraho impungenge zabanje ku bijyanye no kugabanuka kw’ibiciro cyangwa gutakaza amafaranga y’ubwishyu. Inganda za PV zo mu gihugu muri Amerika zihura n’imbogamizi mu gutanga silicon, ariko byitezwe ko zizakomeza no kongera ubushobozi bwazo ku isoko mpuzamahanga binyuze mu kongera ubushobozi bw’umusaruro mu gace no gukoresha politiki zisanzweho z’inkunga. Amaherezo, isesengura ry’uburyo ibintu bihagaze ryerekana ko inyungu za module zihujwe muri Aziya y’Amajyepfo y’Uburasirazuba zigabanuka bitewe n’ingaruka z’igipimo cy’imisoro gisubira inyuma, mu gihe uburyo bwo gukoresha bateri zo muri Amerika no guteranya muri Aziya y’Amajyepfo y’Uburasirazuba bugifite ubushobozi bwo kunguka bwinshi.
Icya gatanu, ibigo by'Abashinwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bitegura imbogamizi n'amahirwe yo gukora imashini zitwara amashanyarazi zikomoka kuri photovoltaic
Bitewe n'ubushobozi bw'ibigo by'imbere mu gihugu n'iby'amahanga mu gutunganya imiterere ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, cyane cyane Atlas na LONGi, ibigo bibiri mu rwego rw'ubwubatsi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bikomeje kwaguka, bigaragaza ko ubushobozi buke bwo gukora bateri n'akamaro k'ibikorwa bikomeje kwiyongera. Nubwo hari ingorane mu bwubatsi n'ibipimo bya tekiniki, imiterere y'ubushobozi bwo gukora bateri ireba imbere ni ingenzi mu iterambere ry'ibigo mu gihe kirekire. Byongeye kandi, ibigo byibanda ku bikorwa byo mu gace runaka no mu mibanire ya politiki n'ubucuruzi bishobora gushinga imizi neza muri Amerika no kuzana inyungu nyinshi. Hagati aho, abashoramari bagomba kwita cyane ku bintu nka politiki y'inkunga, impinduka ku misoro n'ibyago by'ipatanti kugira ngo barusheho gusobanukirwa amahirwe y'ishoramari.
